Ap Biology Unit 2

Front 1

alpha (a) helix

Back 1

A spiral shape constituting one form of the secondary structure of proteins

Front 2

amino acid

Back 2

An organic molecule possessing both carboxyl (COOH acids) and amino (NH2) groups. They serve as the monomers of polypeptides (proteins).

Front 3

beta (ß) pleated sheet

Back 3

One form of the secondary structure of proteins in which the polypeptide chain folds back and forth. Two regions of the chain lie parallel to each other and are held together by hydrogen bonds.

Front 4

carbohydrate

Back 4

A sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides).

Front 5

catalyst

Back 5

A chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.

Front 6

cellulose

Back 6

A structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls

Front 7

chaperonin

Back 7

A protein molecule that assists in the proper folding of other proteins.

Front 8

chitin

Back 8

A structural polysaccharide found in arthropods (makes up their exoskeleton) and fungi (their cell walls)

Front 9

cholesterol

Back 9

A steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids

Front 10

dehydration (a.k.a. condensation) reaction

Back 10

A reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other through the loss of a small molecule

Front 11

disaccharide

Back 11

A double sugar, formed from two monosacharides. E.g. glucose, fructose.

Front 12

endorphin

Back 12

Any of several hormones produced in the brain and anterior pituitary that inhibits pain perception.

Front 13

enzyme

Back 13

A protein serving as a catalyst for biological reactions

Front 14

fat

Back 14

A lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; also called a triacylglycerol or triglyceride.

Front 15

fatty acid

Back 15

A long carbon chain carboxylic acid. They vary in length and in the number and location of double bonds; three linked to a glycerol molecule form a fat molecule

Front 16

gene

Back 16

A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence that codes for a single polypeptide

Front 17

glycosidic linkage

Back 17

A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.

Front 18

hydrophobic interaction

Back 18

A type of weak chemical bond formed when molecules that do not mix with water coalesce to exclude water.

Front 19

lipid

Back 19

The one class of large biological molecules that do not form polymers, they have little or no affinity for water (hydrophobic). The most biologically important lipids are fats, phospholipids, and steroids.

Front 20

monomer

Back 20

The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer.

Front 21

monosaccharide

Back 21

The simplest carbohydrates, multiple of CH20, e.g. glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose

Front 22

nucleic acid

Back 22

A polymer (polynucleotide) consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins

Front 23

nucleotide

Back 23

The building block of a nucleic acid made of a sugar (deoxyribose or ribose), phosphate, and nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, or uracil).

Front 24

peptide bond

Back 24

The covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another

Front 25

phospholipid

Back 25

A lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. The hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act as nonpolar

Front 26

polymer

Back 26

A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.

Front 27

polynucleotide

Back 27

A polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers in a chain; nucleotides can be those of DNA or RNA.

Front 28

polypeptide

Back 28

A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.

Front 29

polysaccharide

Back 29

A polymer of many monosaccharides

Front 30

primary structure

Back 30

The level of protein structure referring to the specific sequence of amino acids.

Front 31

protein

Back 31

A functional biological molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure.

Front 32

quaternary structure

Back 32

The three dimensional arrangement of multiple polypeptide sub-units into one protein

Front 33

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Back 33

A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases uracil (U), adenine (A), cytosine (C), and guanine (G)

Front 34

ribose

Back 34

The sugar component of RNA nucleotides.

Front 35

saturated fatty acid

Back 35

A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds. No double bonds.

Front 36

secondary structure

Back 36

The localized coils and folds in the polypeptide chain (alpha helixes and beta sheets).

Front 37

starch

Back 37

A storage polysaccharide in plants

Front 38

steroid

Back 38

a type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various chemical groups attached.

Front 39

tertiary structure

Back 39

Irregular contortions of a protein molecule due to interactions of side chains involved in hydrophobic interactions. The three dimensional shape of a polypeptide.

Front 40

trans fat

Back 40

An unsaturated fat containing one or more trans double bonds.

Front 41

triacylglycerol

Back 41

Three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; also called a fat or a triglyceride.

Front 42

unsaturated fatty acid

Back 42

A fatty acid possessing one or more double bonds between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton.