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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
DNA in which genes are from two different sources-often different species-are combined in vitro into the same molecule
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recombinant DNA
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the direct manipulation of genes for practical prtposes
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genetic engineering
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the manipulation of organisms or their components to make useful products
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biotechnology
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the production of multiple copies of a gene
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gene cloning
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a degradation enzyme that recognizes and cuts up DNA that is foreign to a bacterium
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restriction enzyme
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a diagram of a DNA molecule containing a recognition sequence
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restriction site
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a restriction enzyme cuts a DNA molecule in a reproducible way
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restriction fragments
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a single stranded end of a double-stranded DNA restriction fragments
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sticky end
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seals the stands by catalyzing the formation of phosphodiester bonds
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DNA ligase
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a DNA molecule that cn carry foreign DNA into a cell and replicate there
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cloning vector
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base pairing between a gene and a complementary sequence on another nucleic acid molecule
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nucleic-acid hybridization
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a short, single-stranded nucleic acid that can be either RNA or DNA
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nucleic acid probe
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separation of two strands
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denaturation
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a cloning vector that contains the requisite prokaryotic promoter just upstream of a resriction site where the eukaryotic gene can be inserted
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expression vector
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each DNA molecule produced carries the complete coding sequence for a gene but no introns
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complementary DNA or cDNA
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combine the essentials of a eukaryotic chromosme-an origin for DNA replication, a centromere, and two telomeres-with foreign DNA
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yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs)
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apply a brie electrical pulse to a solution containing cells
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electroporation
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the complete set of thousands of recombinant plasmid clones, each carrying copies of a particular segment from the initial genome
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genomic library
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a limited gene library using complementary DNA. The library includes only the genes that were transcribed in the cells examined
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cDNA library
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a thechnique by which any piece of DNA can be quickly amplified (copied many times)without using cells
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polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
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the study of whole sets of genes and their interactions
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genomics
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the separation of nuclei acids or proteins, on the basis of their size and electrical charge, by measuring their rate of movement through an electrical field in a gel
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gel electrophoresis
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a hybridization technique that enables researchers to determine the presence of certain nucleotide sequences in a sample of DNA
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Southern Blotting
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differences in DNA sequence on homologous chromosomes that can result in different restriction fragment patterns turn out to be scattered abundantly throughout genomes
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restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs)
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an effort to map the entire human genome, ultimately by determining the complete nucleotide sequence of the DNA of each human chromosome
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Human Genome Project
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a DNA mapping technique that begins with a gene or other sequence that has already been cloned, mapped, and sequenced and "walks" along the chromosomal DNA from that locus
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chromosome walking
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an artificial version of a bacterial chromosome that can carry inserts of 100,000 to 500,000 base pairs
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bacterial artificial chromosome (BACs)
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tiny amounts of a large number of single-stranded DNA fragments representing different genes are fixed to a glass slide in a tightly spaced array
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DNA microarray assays
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a technique that can be uses to introduce specific changes into the sequence of a couned gene
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in vitro mutagenesis
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synthetic double-stranded RNA molecules matching the sequence of a particular gen to trigger breakdown of the gene's messenger RNA
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RNA interference (RNAi)
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systematic study of the full protein sets (proteomes)encoded by genomes
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proteomics
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the applcation of computer science and mathematics to genetic and other biological information
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bioinformatics
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single base-pair variations in the genome
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single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)
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the alteration of an afflicted individual's genes
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gene therapy
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a harmless variant or derivative of a pathogen that stimulates the immune system to fight the pathogen
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vaccine
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specific pattern of bands, that is of forensic use
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DNA fingerprint
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individuals have different amounts of time repeated at one genome locus
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simple tandem repeats (STRs)
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genomes carry genes from another species
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transgenic organisms
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a plasmid of a tumor-introducing bacterium that integrates a segment of its DNA into the host chromosome of a plant
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Ti plasmid
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an organism that has aquired one or more genes by artificial means
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genetically modified (GM) organisms
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