Ap Biology Plant Test Ch. 29, 30, 35, 36, 38, 39

Front 1

What are the four main groups of land plants?

Back 1

1. Bryophytes
2. Pteridophytes
3. Gymnosperms
4. Angiosperms

Front 2

Bryophytes

Back 2

A moss, liverwort, or hornwort; a nonvascular plant that inhabits the land but lacks many of the terrestrial adaptations of vascular plants.

Front 3

Pteridophytes

Back 3

Seedless plants with true roots with lignified vascular tissue. The group includes ferns, whisk ferns, and horsetails.

Front 4

Gymnosperms

Back 4

A vascular plant that bears naked seeds—seeds not enclosed in specialized chambers.

Front 5

Angiosperms

Back 5

A flowering plant, which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary.

Front 6

vascular plants

Back 6

A plant with vascular tissue. Vascular plants include all modern species except the mosses and their relatives.

Front 7

Vascular Tissue

Back 7

Plant tissue consisting of cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant body.

Front 8

seed

Back 8

An adaptation for terrestrial plants consisting of an embryo packaged along with a store of food within a resistant coat.

Front 9

Similarities between terrestrials plants and Charophyceans

Back 9

1. rosette cellulose-synthesizing complexes
2. peroxisomes
they also have similarities in sperm cells and phragmoplast formation in the synthesis of cell plate in mitosis

Front 10

Charophyceans

Back 10

The green algal group that shares two ultrastructural features with land plants. They are considered to be the closest relatives of land plants.

Front 11

rosette cellulose-synthesizing complexes

Back 11

Rose-shaped array of proteins that synthesize the cellulose microfibrils of the cell walls of charophyceans and land plants.

Front 12

peroxisomes

Back 12

A microbody containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen, producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide.

Front 13

apical meristems

Back 13

Embryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and in the buds of shoots that supplies cells for the plant to grow in length.

Front 14

placental transfer cells

Back 14

facilitate the transfer of nutrients from parental tissues
-basis for referring to land plants as embryophytes

Front 15

embryophytes

Back 15

Another name for land plants, recognizing that land plants share the common derived trait of multicellular, dependent embryos.

Front 16

Alternation of generations

Back 16

-does not occur in charophyceans
-A life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form, the sporophyte, and a multicellular haploid form, the gametophyte; characteristic of plants.

Front 17

gametophyte

Back 17

The multicellular haploid form in organisms undergoing alternation of generations that mitotically produces haploid gametes that unite and grow into the sporophyte generation.

Front 18

sporophyte

Back 18

The multicellular diploid form in organisms undergoing alternation of generations that results from a union of gametes and that meiotically produces haploid spores that grow into the gametophyte generation.

Front 19

spore

Back 19

In the life cycle of a plant or alga undergoing alternation of generations, a meiotically produced haploid cell that divides mitotically, generating a multicellular individual, the gametophyte, without fusing with another cell.

Front 20

sporopollenin

Back 20

A secondary product, a polymer synthesized by a side branch of a major metabolic pathway of plants that is resistant to almost all kinds of environmental damage; especially important in the evolutionary move of plants onto land.

Front 21

sporangia

Back 21

(plural, sporangia) A capsule in fungi and plants in which meiosis occurs and haploid spores develop.

Front 22

spore mother cells

Back 22

The cells that undergo meiosis and generate haploid spores within a sporangium.

Front 23

gametangia

Back 23

(plural, gametangia) The reproductive organ of bryophytes, consisting of the male antheridium and female archegonium; a multichambered jacket of sterile cells in which gametes are formed.

Front 24

antheridia

Back 24

(plural, antheridia) In plants, the male gametangium, a moist chamber in which gametes develop.

Front 25

archegonium

Back 25

(plural, archegonia) In plants, the female gametangium, a moist chamber in which gametes develop.

Front 26

cuticle

Back 26

A waxy covering on the surface of stems and leaves that acts as an adaptation to prevent desiccation in terrestrial plants.

Front 27

stomata

Back 27

A microscopic pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems that allows gas exchange.

Front 28

xylem

Back 28

The tube-shaped, nonliving portion of the vascular system in plants that carries water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant.

Front 29

phloem

Back 29

The portion of the vascular system in plants consisting of living cells arranged into elongated tubes that transport sugar and other organic nutrients throughout the plant.

Front 30

secondary compounds

Back 30

A chemical compound synthesized through the diversion of products of major metabolic pathways for use in defense by prey species.

Front 31

evidence that land plants evolved from charophyceans

Back 31

-homologous chloroplasts
-homologous cellulous walls
-peroxisomes
-phragmoplasts in cell plate formation
-homologous sperm

Front 32

What might alternation of generations have originated from?

Back 32

delayed meiosis

Front 33

Deep Green

Back 33

An international initiative focusing on the deepest phylogenetic branching within the plant kingdom to identify and name the major plant clades.

Front 34

kingdom Steptrophyta

Back 34

The name given to the group that includes the traditional plant kingdom and the green algae most closely related to plants, the charophyceans and a few related groups.

Front 35

kingdom Viridiplantae

Back 35

The broadest version of the plant kingdom that includes the members of the kingdom Streptophyta plus the chlorophytes (non-charophycean green algae).

Front 36

kingdom Plantae

Back 36

The traditional embryophyte definition of the plant kingdom.

Front 37

Where do plants originate from?

Back 37

Plants are monopyletic meaning that they have a common ancestor

Front 38

What are the 3 phyla of bryophytes?

Back 38

1. phylum Hepatophyta (liverworts)
2. phylum Anthocerophyta (hornworts)
3. phylum Bryophyta (mosses)

Front 39

phylum Hepatophyta (liverworts)

Back 39

The group of liverworts, small herbaceous (non-woody) plants.

Front 40

phylum Anthocerophyta (hornworts)

Back 40

The group of hornworts, small herbaceous (non-woody) plants.

Front 41

phylum Bryophyta (mosses)

Back 41

A formal group of mosses. Note that the term "bryophyte " refers instead to the informal group of mosses, liverworts, and hornworts, nonvascular plants that inhabit the land but lack many of the terrestrial adaptations of vascular plants.

Front 42

protonema

Back 42

A mass of green, branched, one-cell thick filaments produced by germinating moss spores.

Front 43

gametophore

Back 43

The mature gamete-producing structure of a gametophyte body of a moss.

Front 44

rhizoids

Back 44

Long tubular single cells or filaments of cells that anchor bryophytes to the ground. Rhizoids are not composed of tissues, they lack specialized conducting cells, and they do not play a primary role in water and mineral absorption.

Front 45

foot

Back 45

The portion of a moss sporophyte that gathers sugars, amino acids, water, and minerals from the parent gametophyte via transfer cells.

Front 46

seta

Back 46

The elongated stalk of a moss sporophyte.

Front 47

capsule

Back 47

A sticky layer that surrounds the cell walls of some bacteria, protecting the cell surface and sometimes helping to glue the cell to surfaces.

Front 48

calyptra

Back 48

covers immature capsule

Front 49

perostome

Back 49

The upper part of the moss capsule (sporangium) often specialized for gradual spore discharge.

Front 50

peat

Back 50

Extensive deposits of undecayed organic material formed primarily from the wetland moss Sphagnum.

Front 51

branched sporophytes

Back 51

vascular plants have these, they become independent of the gametophyte parent

Front 52

seedless vascular plants

Back 52

The collective name for the phyla Lycophyta (lycophytes) and Pteridophyta (ferns, whisk ferns, and horsetails).

Front 53

protracheophyte polysporangiophytes

Back 53

A group of Silurian moss-like ancestors that were like bryophytes in lacking lignified vascular tissue but were different in having independent, branched, sporophytes that were not dependent on gametophytes for their growth.

Front 54

microphylls

Back 54

The small leaves of lycophytes that have only a single, unbranched vein.

Front 55

megaphylls

Back 55

The larger leaves of modern vascular plants served by a highly-branched vascular system.

Front 56

homosporous

Back 56

Referring to plants in which a single type of spore develops into a bisexual gametophyte having both male and female sex organs.

Front 57

heterosporous

Back 57

Referring to plants in which the sporophyte produces two kinds of spores that develop into unisexual gametophytes, either female or male.

Front 58

megaspores

Back 58

A spore from a heterosporous plant that develops into a female gametophyte bearing archegonia.

Front 59

microspores

Back 59

A spore from a heterosporous plant that develops into a male gametophyte with antheridia.

Front 60

sporophylls

Back 60

Lycophyte leaves specialized for reproduction.

Front 61

sori

Back 61

Clusters of fern sporangia on the backs of green leaves or on special, non-green leaves (sporophylls). Sori may be arranged in various patterns, such as parallel lines or dots, that are useful in fern identification.