Ap Biology Midterm

Front 1

Which point on the curve in the diagram above best represents the carrying capacity of the environment for the population shown?

Back 1

E

Front 2

Assume that genes A and B are not linked. If the probability of allele A in a gamete is ½ and the probability of allele B in a gamete is 1/2, then the probability that both A and B are in the same gamete is

Back 2

A. 1/2 x 1/2

Front 3

A couple has 5 children, all sons. If the woman gives birth to a sixth child, what is the probability that the sixth child will be a son?

Back 3

B. 1/2

Front 4

All of the following are true about Earth’s ozone layer EXCEPT:

Back 4

C. Its thickness has remained constant over time

Front 5

Which of the following organelles modifies and packages for secretion the materials produced by the ribosome?

Back 5

B. The Golgi Apparatus

Front 6

Which of the following types of behavior describes the way that mice find their way through mazes?

Back 6

E. Trial and Error

Front 7

A student using a light microscope observes a cell and correctly decides that it is a plant cell because

Back 7

D. It has a large central vacuole

Front 8

The condition in which there are barriers to successful interbreeding between individuals of different species in the same community is referred to as

Back 8

E. Reproductive Isolation

Front 9

Which of the following best describes the parents in a testcross?

Back 9

A. One individual has the dominant phenotype and the other has the recessive phenotype.

Front 10

Members of which of the following are the major primary producers in the marine ecosystem?

Back 10

E. Diatoms

Front 11

In sheep, eye color is controlled by a single gene with two alleles. When a homozygous brown-eyed sheep is crossed with a homozygous green-eyed sheep, blue-eyed offspring are produced. If the blue-eyed sheep are mated with eat other, what percent of their offspring will most likely have brown eyes?

Back 11

B. 25%

Front 12

Gas exchange in all living organisms requires

Back 12

D. Moist membranes

Front 13

Which of the following best supports the statement that mitochondria are descendents of endosymbiotic bacteria-like cells?

Back 13

A. Mitochondria and bacteria possess similar ribosomes and DNA.

Front 14

Which of the following best characterizes the reaction represented above?

Back 14

E. Endergonic reaction

Front 15

Which of the following occurs during mitosis but not during meiosis I?

Back 15

B. The chromatids of each chromosome are separated.

Front 16

Oxygen consumption can be used as a measure of metabolic rate because oxygen is

Back 16

A. necessary for ATP synthesis by oxidative

Front 17

Membranes are components of all of the following EXCEPT a

Back 17

A. microtubule

Front 18

In a mesophyll cell of a leaf, the synthesis of ATP occurs in which of the following?

Back 18

D.
II. Mitochondria
III. Chloroplasts

Front 19

Which of the following pairs of functional groups characterizes the structure of an amino acid?

Back 19

B.

Front 20

Which of the following statements best expresses the concept of punctuated equilibrium?

Back 20

D. Evolutionary changes consist of rapid bursts of speciation alternating with long periods in which species remain essentially unmodified.

Front 21

In animals, all of the following are associated with embryonic development EXCEPT

Back 21

C. activation of all the genes in each cell

Front 22

Which of the following exists as RNA surrounded by a protein coat?

Back 22

None

Front 23

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells generally have which of the following features in common?

Back 23

C. Ribosomes

Front 24

Which of the following is primarily responsible for cell elongation, gravitropism, and apical dominance in plants?

Back 24

A. Auxin

Front 25

A large stand of aspen trees may be a group of genetically identical individuals produced by vegetative reproduction. Such a collection of individuals is called a

Back 25

C. Clone

Front 26

Which of the following groups contains prokaryotic organisms capable of surviving the greatest extremes in temperature or salt concentration?

Back 26

B. Archaebacteria

Front 27

Which of the following is LEAST likely to result in a release of epinephrine (adrenaline) from the adrenal glands?

Back 27

C. Falling asleep during a lecture

Front 28

In peas the trait for tall plants if dominant (T) and the trait for short plants is recessive (t). The trait for yellow seed color is dominant (Y) and the trait for green seed color is recessive (y). A cross between two plants results in 296 tall yellow plants and 104 tall green plants. Which of the following are most likely to be the genotypes of the parents?

Back 28

D. TtYY x Ttyy

Front 29

Which of the following is best observed by using a compound light microscope?

Back 29

A. A eukaryotic cell

Front 30

Plant stems bend toward a light source as a result of increased

Back 30

E. Cell elongation on the side of the stem away from the light source

Front 31

All of the following are typical components of the plasma membrane of a eukaryotic cell EXCEPT

Back 31

B. cytochromes

Front 32

The rate of division of most vertebrate cells is LEAST likely to be influenced by which of the following?

Back 32

D. The cell’s photoperiod

Front 33

The gametophyte is the dominant generation in which of the following plants?

Back 33

E. Mosses

Front 34

Nuclear division in which the chromosome number is reduced from 2n to n is part of the life cycle of all of the following organisms EXCEPT

Back 34

D. Bacteria

Front 35

The driving force for the movement of materials in the phloem of plants is

Back 35

B. a difference I osmotic potential between the source and the sink

Front 36

In plants, the initiation of flowering in response to photoperiod is triggered by changes in

Back 36

none

Front 37

Carbon dioxide is transported in human blood primarily in which of the following ways?

Back 37

none

Front 38

A tobacco plant can be made to express a gene from fireflies, resulting in the emission of light. Which of the following is the basis for this phenomenon?

Back 38

D. Transcription and translation are fundamentally similar in both fireflies and tobacco plants.

Front 39

All of the following were likely present on the primitive Earth during the evolution of self-replicating molecules EXCEPT

Back 39

E. an O2-rich atmosphere

Front 40

Which of the following characterizes glomerular filtrate, the fluid that passes from the blood in the glomerulus into the tubule of the nephron?

Back 40

D. It is blood plasma that lacks most proteins.

Front 41

During respiration, most ATP is formed as a direct result of the net movement of

Back 41

B. protons down a concentration gradient

Front 42

Which of the following groups is best characterized as being eukaryotic and heterotrophic and having chitinous cell walls?

Back 42

C. Fungi

Front 43

In humans, red-green color blindness is a sex-linked recessive trait. If a man and a woman produce a color-blind son, which of the following must be true?

Back 43

E. The mother carries the allele for color blindness.

Front 44

In a small group of people living in a remote area, there is a high incidence of “blue skin,” a condition that results from a variation in the structure of hemoglobin. All of the “blue-skinned” residents can trace their ancestry to one couple, who were among the original settlers of this region. The unusually high frequency of “blue skin” in the area is an example of

Back 44

B. genetic drift

Front 45

Which of the following processes is carried out more efficiently by a C4 plant than by a C3 plant?

Back 45

D. Fixation of CO2

Front 46

A number of different phylogenies (evolutionary trees) have been proposed by scientists. These phylogenies are useful because they can be used to

Back 46

B. evaluate which groups of organisms may be most closely related

Front 47

Which of the following characteristics is common to all vascular plants that exhibit an alternation of generations in their life cycle?

Back 47

B. Multicellular sporophytes

Front 48

The rate of flow of water through the xylem is regulated by

Back 48

B. the force of transpirational pull

Front 49

Which of the following pathways for the transformation of cellular energy most likely evolved first?

Back 49

E. Glycolysis

Front 50

Gibberellic acid stimulates the cells of germinating grass seeds to produce mRNA molecules that code for hydrolytic enzymes. In this case the role of gibberellic acid can best be described as that of

Back 50

A. a regulator of gene activity

Front 51

Which of the following is the most likely explanation for a high rate of crossing-over between two genes?

Back 51

A. The two genes are far apart on the same chromosome.

Front 52

On a sunny day, the closing of stomata in plant leaves results in

Back 52

A. a decrease in CO2 intake

Front 53

Which of the following principles is NOT part of Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection?

Back 53

C. Mutations are the ultimate source of genetic variation.

Front 54

In certain Native American groups, albinism due to a homozygous recessive condition in the biochemical pathway for melanin is sometimes seen. If the frequency of the allele for this condition is 0.06, which of the following is closest to the frequency of the dominant allele in this population? (Assume that the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.)

Back 54

E. 0.94

Front 55

A biologist isolates numerous tiny, green-pigmented cells from a sample of lake water. The cells are covered with a mucilaginous sheath. They contain relatively large amounts of chlorophyll a and phycobilin pigments and lack a compact, organized nucleus. Electron microscopy will reveal that these cells also contain which of the following pairs of subcellular structures?

Back 55

D. Thylakoids and a cell wall

Front 56

In the pedigree above, squares represent males and circles represent females. Individuals who express a particular trait are represented by shaded figures. Which of the following patterns of inheritance best explains the transmission of the trait?

Back 56

D. Autosomal dominant

Front 57

Which of the following is an example of active transport across a membrane?

Back 57

E. The movement of H+ into a thylakoid disc during photosynthesis

Front 58

Which of the following is the most direct result of the presence of acid chime in the small intestine?

Back 58

D. The intestinal lining produces the hormone secretin

Front 59

Many parasitic flatworms have an intermediate host. This indicates that the

Back 59

B. larval flatworms infect one species, whereas adults infect another species

Front 60

Red algae can grow at greater ocean depths than most other algae can because red algae are

Back 60

C. specialized for absorbing blue wavelengths of light for photosynthesis.

Front 61

Which of the following cellular processes is coupled with the hydrolysis of ATP?

Back 61

B. Active transport

Front 62

Which of the following cells would most likely have the greatest concentration of densely packed rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Back 62

C. A pancreatic cell engaged in the production of digestive enzymes

Front 63

In which of the following pairs are the organisms most closely related taxonomically?

Back 63

B. Spider..crayfish

Front 64

Releases hormones that control blood sugar levels by stimulating glycogen formation or breakdown

Back 64

E. Pancreas

Front 65

Secretes steroid hormones that affect secondary sex characteristics

Back 65

A. Testis

Front 66

Releases hormones that increase the rate of cellular respiration throughout the body

Back 66

D. Thyroid

Front 67

Secretes the hormones FSH and LH, which control ovulation

Back 67

C. Anterior pituitary

Front 68

Long, cold, moist winters and short summers are typical of this biome dominated by gymnosperms.

Back 68

E. Taiga

Front 69

A prolonged, relatively mild period with ample precipitation alternates with a cold period when plants become dormant.

Back 69

A. Deciduous forest

Front 70

This biome has the greatest diversity of species.

Back 70

B. Tropical rain forest

Front 71

This biome is dominated by dwarf shrubs, grasses, and sedges that can tolerate long dark winters.

Back 71

D. Tundra

Front 72

Process in which O2 is released as a by-product of oxidation-reduction reactions

Back 72

D. Light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis

Front 73

Process in which CO2 is released as a by-product of oxidation-reduction reactions

Back 73

B. Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle)

Front 74

Process in which carbon from CO2 is incorporated into organic molecules

Back 74

C. Calvin cycle (light-independent reactions of photosynthesis)

Front 75

Process found in both photosynthesis and cellular respiration

Back 75

E. Chemiosmosis

Front 76

Process in which sugar is oxidized to pyruvic acid

Back 76

A. glycolysis

Front 77

Bilaterally symmetrical: deuterostome: dorsal hollow nerve cord

Back 77

E. Chordate

Front 78

Coelomate: exoskeleton: jointed appendages

Back 78

C. Arthropoda

Front 79

Pharyngeal slits: endoskeleton derived from mesoderm: ventral heart

Back 79

D. Echinodermata

Front 80

Internal calcareous skeleton: deuterostome: water-vascular system

Back 80

B. Mollusca

Front 81

Closed circulatory system: protostome: many body segments

Back 81

A. Annelida

Front 82

Process in which a protein is assembled at a ribosome

Back 82

B. Translation

Front 83

Process in which naked DNA is taken up by a bacterial or yeast cell

Back 83

C. Transformation

Front 84

Process that results in the production of cDNA from an RNA molecule

Back 84

E. Reverse transcription

Front 85

Process in which RNA is produced by using a DNA template

Back 85

A. Transcription