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33 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Evolution
the change over time in the genetic composition of a POPULATION
(Evolutionary) Adaptation
the result of natural selection. An accumulation of inherited characteristics that increase an organism's chance of survival in a certain enviroment
Natural Selection
Process by which individuals with inherited characteristics that are well-suited to the environment leave more offspring than do other individuals
Fitness
The contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation relative to the contributions of other individuals
Endemic
an animal is endemic if they live in one place and are found nowhere else on earth
Gene Flow
transfer of alleles/ traits from one population to another. (possibly due to migration)
- increases the genetic diversity within the gene pool of the population
What did Peter and Rosemary Grant discover and how did it surprise them?
That evolution could occur quickly enough to be observed over a few short field seasons. Single weather events can cause evolution, if there is are traits that affect survival and if there is variation in those traits
Fossil Record
The totality of fossilized artifacts and their placement within the earth's rock strata. It provides information about the history of life on earth, for instance what the organisms look like, where/when they lived, how they evolved.
Descent with Modification
Darwinian viewpoint- all organisms are related through descent from an ancestor that lived in the remote past. All descendants of that organism spilled into various habitats and accumulated diverse adaptations/modifications
Evidence for Evolution
1) Fossil Record
2) Anatomical Evidence
3) Biogeography
4) Embryological Evidence
5) Molecular Evidence
6) Artificial Selection
7) Antibiotic and Insecticide Resistance

FAB EMAA
Homologous Structures
Similarities in characteristics resulting from common ancestry.
-Similar Structure
-Similar Embryological Development
-May have different functions
Divergent Evolution
The process in which two or more related, but reproductively isolated populations become more dissimilar --> new species
Analogous Structures
Separate evolution of structures
with similar functions and similar exterior appearance/form BUT with different interior structures and development, different origin, and NO evolutionary relationship (result of convergent evolution)
Convergent Evolution
the process whereby organisms not closely related independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments and selection pressures
CREATES analogous structures
Vestigial Structure
Structures that serve little to no function that are remnants of structures that were functional in ancestral species - evidence of change over time
Biogeography
The study of the past and present distribution of species. Closely related species tend to be found in the same geographic region, whereas the same ecological niches in distant regions are occupied by very different (although sometimes similar-looking) species
Embryological Evidence of Evolution
Similar embryological development in closely related species
(Ex. all vertebrae embryos have similar structures at different stages of development)
Homeotic Gene
Genes that control the overall body plan of animals and plants by controlling the developmental fate of groups of cells ("Body-Building Genes") (ex. Hox genes which all animals have that determine what gets built where)
DNA Molecular Record of Evolution
Comparing DNA and protein structure. Compare common genes. Closely related species have sequences that are more similar than distantly related species
Artificial Selection
Artificial breeding can use variations in populations to create vastly different "breeds" and "varieties" ; selective breeding
Variation
the raw material for natural selection
- there have to be differences within a population
- some individuals are more fit than others
Agents of Evolutionary Change
Mutation, Gene Flow (increase genetic variation), sexual selection, genetic drift, natural selectoin
MDSFN= Maybe Dr Shin Finds Nature
What causes variation?
Mutation
Mutation
Changes DNA sequence
(then maybe changes amino acid sequence-changes protein-changes structure- changes function) changes in protein may change phenotype and therefore change fitness
Where does variation come from?
All must occur in gamete!
1) Mutation- random changes in DNA, errors in DNA replication, environmental damage
2) Sexual recombination- new arrangements in every offspring. (Due to Meiosis- crossing over and independent assortment) (Due to Sexual Reproduction- mixing alleles + random fertilization of sperm and egg)
Sexual Selection
Natural Selection for mating success.
The animal that invests more in the birth does the selection (good genes, eating properly, HEALTHIER LOOKING)
Genetic Drift
Small populations lead to nonselective therefor unpredictable fluctuations in allele frequencies from one generation to the next
Founder Effect
One type of genetic drift. A few individuals become isolated from a larger population and start a new colony. (some alleles at high frequency, others may be missing, skews the gene pool of the new population)
AMISH EXAMPLE
Bottleneck Effect
Type of Genetic drift that occurs when a large population is drastically reduced by
1- famine, natural disaster, loss of habitat etc...
2- loss of variation by chance event, not due to fitness
NARROWS GENE POOL. REDUCES VARIATION AND ADAPTABILITY
Coevolution
When two or more species reciprocally affect each other's evolution: predator + prey, disease + host, competitive species, mutualism. BOTH PUT SELECTIVE PRESSURES ON ONE ANOTHER
Population
a localized group of individuals that are capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring
Gene Pool
All the various genes found in a population
Steps of Natural Selection
1) Variations in a population
2) Competition for limited resources
3) Organisms produce more offspring than there is resources for-- competition
4) Favorable characteristics survive and reproduce more often (genetic basis to trait so its herediary)