Ap Biology Chapter 46 Vocabulary

Front 1

abortion

Back 1

The termination of a pregnancy in progress.

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acrosome

Back 2

A vesicle at the tip of a sperm cell that helps the sperm penetrate the egg.

Front 3

asexual reproduction

Back 3

A type of reproduction involving only one parent that produces genetically identical offspring by budding or by the division of a single cell or the entire organism into two or more parts.

Front 4

assisted reproductive technology (ART)

Back 4

Fertilization procedures that generally involve the surgical removal of eggs (secondary oocytes) from a woman’s ovaries after hormonal stimulation, fertilizing the eggs, and returning them to the woman’s body.

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baculum

Back 5

A bone that is contained in, and helps stiffen, the penis of rodents, raccoons, walruses, whales, and several other mammals.

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barrier method

Back 6

Contraception that relies on a physical barrier to block the passage of sperm. Examples include condoms and diaphragms.

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Bartholin’s glands

Back 7

Glands near the vaginal opening in a human female that secrete lubricating fluid during sexual arousal.

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birth control pills

Back 8

Chemical contraceptives that inhibit ovulation, retard follicular development, or alter a woman’s cervical mucus to prevent sperm from entering the uterus.

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blastocyst

Back 9

An embryonic stage in mammals; a hollow ball of cells produced one week after fertilization in humans.

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budding

Back 10

An asexual means of propagation in which outgrowths from the parent form and pinch off to live independently or else remain attached to eventually form extensive colonies.

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bulbourethral gland

Back 11

One of a pair of glands near the base of the penis in the human male that secretes fluid that lubricates and neutralizes acids in the urethra during sexual arousal.

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cervix

Back 12

The neck of the uterus, which opens into the vagina.

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cleavage

Back 13

The process of cytokinesis in animal cells, characterized by pinching of the plasma membrane. Also, the succession of rapid cell divisions without growth during early embryonic development that converts the zygote into a ball of cells.

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clitoris

Back 14

An organ in the female that engorges with blood and becomes erect during sexual arousal.

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cloaca

Back 15

A common opening for the digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts found in many nonmammalian vertebrates but in few mammals.

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coitus

Back 16

An organ in the female that engorges with blood and becomes erect during sexual arousal.

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conception

Back 17

The fertilization of the egg by a sperm cell in humans.

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condom

Back 18

A thin, latex rubber or natural membrane sheath that fits over the penis to collect semen.

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contraception

Back 19

The prevention of pregnancy.

Front 20

corpus luteum

Back 20

A secreting tissue in the ovary that forms from the collapsed follicle after ovulation and produces progesterone.

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diaphragm

Back 21

(1) A sheet of muscle that forms the bottom wall of the thoracic cavity in mammals; active in ventilating the lungs. (2) A dome-shaped rubber cup fitted into the upper portion of the vagina before sexual intercourse. It serves as a physical barrier to block the passage of sperm.

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ejaculation

Back 22

The propulsion of sperm from the epididymis through the muscular vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, and urethra.

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ejaculatory duct

Back 23

The short section of the ejaculatory route in mammals formed by the convergence of the vas deferens and a duct from the seminal vesicle. The ejaculatory duct transports sperm from the vas deferens to the urethra.

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embryo

Back 24

New developing individual.

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endometrium

Back 25

The inner lining of the uterus, which is richly supplied with blood vessels.

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epididymis

Back 26

A coiled tubule located adjacent to the testes where sperm are stored.

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estrous cycle

Back 27

A type of reproductive cycle in all female mammals except higher primates, in which the nonpregnant endometrium is reabsorbed rather than shed, and sexual response occurs only during mid-cycle at estrus.

Front 28

estrus

Back 28

A period of sexual activity associated with ovulation.

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external fertilization

Back 29

The fusion of gametes that parents have discharged into the environment.

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fertilization

Back 30

The union of haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote.

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fetus

Back 31

A developing human from the ninth week of gestation until birth; has all the major structures of an adult.

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fission

Back 32

The separation of a parent into two or more individuals of approximately equal size.

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follicle

Back 33

A microscopic structure in the ovary that contains the developing ovum and secretes estrogens.

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follicular phase

Back 34

That part of the ovarian cycle during which follicles are growing and oocytes maturing.

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fragmentation

Back 35

A means of asexual reproduction whereby a single parent breaks into parts that regenerate into whole new individuals.

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gamete

Back 36

A haploid cell, such as an egg or sperm. Gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote.

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gametogenesis

Back 37

The process by which gametes are produced in the mammalian body.

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gestation

Back 38

Pregnancy; the state of carrying developing young within the female reproductive tract.

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glans penis

Back 39

The head end of the penis.

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gonads

Back 40

The male and female sex organs; the gamete-producing organs in most animals.

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hermaphroditism

Back 41

A condition in which an individual has both female and male gonads and functions as both a male and female in sexual reproduction by producing both sperm and eggs.

Front 42

human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

Back 42

A hormone secreted by the chorion that maintains the corpus luteum of the ovary during the first three months of pregnancy.

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hymen

Back 43

A thin membrane that partly covers the vaginal opening in the human female. The hymen is ruptured by sexual intercourse or other vigorous activity.

Front 44

in vitro fertilization

Back 44

Fertilization of ova in laboratory containers followed by artificial implantation of the early embryo in the mother’s uterus.

Front 45

internal fertilization

Back 45

Reproduction in which sperm are typically deposited in or near the female reproductive tract and fertilization occurs within the tract.

Front 46

labia majora

Back 46

A pair of thick, fatty ridges that enclose and protect the labia minora and vestibule.

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labia minora

Back 47

A pair of slender skin folds that enclose and protect the vestibule.

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labor

Back 48

A series of strong, rhythmic contractions of the uterus that expel a baby out of the uterus and vagina during childbirth.

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lactation

Back 49

The continued production of milk.

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Leydig cell

Back 50

A cell that produces testosterone and other androgens and is located between the seminiferous tubules of the testes.

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luteal phase

Back 51

That portion of the ovarian cycle during which endocrine cells of the corpus luteum secrete female hormones.

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mammary glands

Back 52

Exocrine glands that secrete milk to nourish the young. These glands are characteristic of mammals.

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menopause

Back 53

The cessation of ovulation and menstruation.

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menstrual cycle

Back 54

A type of reproductive cycle in higher female primates, in which the nonpregnant endometrium is shed as a bloody discharge through the cervix into the vagina.

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menstrual flow phase

Back 55

That portion of the uterine (menstrual) cycle when menstrual bleeding occurs.

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menstruation

Back 56

The shedding of portions of the endometrium during a uterine (menstrual) cycle.

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myotonia

Back 57

Increased muscle tension.

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natural family planning

Back 58

A form of contraception that relies on refraining from sexual intercourse when conception is most likely to occur; also called the rhythm method.

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oogenesis

Back 59

The process in the ovary that results in the production of female gametes.

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oogonia

Back 60

Ovary-specific stem cells.

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organogenesis

Back 61

The development of organ rudiments from the three germ layers.

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orgasm

Back 62

Rhythmic, involuntary contractions of certain reproductive structures in both sexes during the human sexual response cycle.

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ovarian cycle

Back 63

The cyclic recurrence of the follicular phase, ovulation, and the luteal phase in the mammalian ovary, regulated by hormones.

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ovary

Back 64

(1) In flowers, the portion of a carpel in which the egg-containing ovules develop. (2) In animals, the structure that produces female gametes and reproductive hormones.

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oviduct

Back 65

A tube passing from the ovary to the vagina in invertebrates or to the uterus in vertebrates.

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ovulation

Back 66

The release of an egg from ovaries. In humans, an ovarian follicle releases an egg during each uterine (menstrual) cycle.

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ovum

Back 67

The female gamete; the haploid, unfertilized egg, which is usually a relatively large, nonmotile cell.

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parthenogenesis

Back 68

A type of reproduction in which females produce offspring from unfertilized eggs.

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parturition

Back 69

The expulsion of a baby from the mother; also called birth.

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penis

Back 70

The copulatory structure of male mammals.

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pheromone

Back 71

In animals and fungi, a small, volatile chemical that functions in communication and that in animals acts much like a hormone in influencing physiology and behavior.

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placenta

Back 72

A structure in the pregnant uterus for nourishing a viviparous fetus with the mother’s blood supply; formed from the uterine lining and embryonic membranes.

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pregnancy

Back 73

The condition of carrying one or more embryos in the uterus.

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prepuce

Back 74

A fold of skin covering the head of the clitoris and penis.

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primary oocyte

Back 75

A diploid cell, in prophase I of meiosis, that can be hormonally triggered to develop into an ovum.

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proliferative phase

Back 76

That portion of the uterine (menstrual) cycle when the endometrium regenerates and thickens.

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prostate gland

Back 77

A gland in human males that secretes an acid-neutralizing component of semen.

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regeneration

Back 78

The regrowth of body parts from pieces of an organism.

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rhythm method

Back 79

A form of contraception that relies on refraining from sexual intercourse when conception is most likely to occur; also called natural family planning.

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scrotum

Back 80

A pouch of skin outside the abdomen that houses a testis; functions in cooling sperm, thereby keeping them viable.

Front 81

secondary oocyte

Back 81

A haploid cell resulting from meiosis I in oogenesis, which will become an ovum after meiosis II.

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secretory phase

Back 82

That portion of the uterine (menstrual) cycle when the endometrium continues to thicken, becomes more vascularized, and develops glands that secrete a fluid rich in glycogen.

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semen

Back 83

The fluid that is ejaculated by the male during orgasm; contains sperm and secretions from several glands of the male reproductive tract.

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seminal vesicle

Back 84

A gland in males that secretes a fluid component of semen that lubricates and nourishes sperm.

Front 85

seminiferous tubule

Back 85

A highly coiled tube in the testis in which sperm are produced.

Front 86

sequential hermaphroditism

Back 86

A reproductive pattern in which an individual reverses its sex during its lifetime.

Front 87

sexual reproduction

Back 87

A type of reproduction in which two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the gametes of the two parents.

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spermatheca

Back 88

A sac in the female reproductive system where sperm are stored.

Front 89

spermatogenesis

Back 89

The continuous and prolific production of mature sperm cells in the testis.

Front 90

spermatogonia

Back 90

Stem cells that give rise to sperm.

Front 91

spermatozoon

Back 91

The male gamete.

Front 92

testis

Back 92

(plural, testes) The male reproductive organ, or gonad, in which sperm and reproductive hormones are produced.

Front 93

trimester

Back 93

In human development, one of three 3 month-long periods of pregnancy.

Front 94

tubal ligation

Back 94

A means of sterilization in which a woman’s two oviducts (Fallopian tubes) are tied closed to prevent eggs from reaching the uterus. A segment of each oviduct is removed.

Front 95

urethra

Back 95

A tube that releases urine from the body near the vagina in females and through the penis in males; also serves in males as the exit tube for the reproductive system.

Front 96

uterine cycle

Back 96

The changes that occur in the uterus during the reproductive cycle of the human female; also called the menstrual cycle.

Front 97

uterus

Back 97

A female organ where eggs are fertilized and/or development of the young occurs.

Front 98

vagina

Back 98

Part of the female reproductive system between the uterus and the outside opening; the birth canal in mammals; also accommodates the male’s penis and receives sperm during copulation.

Front 99

vas deferens

Back 99

The tube in the male reproductive system in which sperm travel from the epididymis to the urethra.

Front 100

vasectomy

Back 100

The cutting of each vas deferens to prevent sperm from entering the urethra.

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vasocongestion

Back 101

The filling of a tissue with blood, caused by increased blood flow through the arteries of that tissue.

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vestibule

Back 102

The cavity enclosed by the labia minora; the space into which the vagina and urethral opening empty.

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vulva

Back 103

Collective term for the female external genitalia.

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zygote

Back 104

The diploid product of the union of haploid gametes in conception; a fertilized egg.