Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
alveoli
|
(plural, alveoli) (1) One of the deadend, multilobed air sacs that constitute the gas exchange surface of the lungs. (2) One of the milk-secreting sacs of epithelial tissue in the mammary glands.
|
|
arteriole
|
A vessel that conveys blood between an artery and a capillary bed.
|
|
arteriosclerosis
|
A cardiovascular disease caused by the formation of hard plaques within the arteries.
|
|
artery
|
A vessel that carries blood away from the heart to organs throughout the body.
|
|
atherosclerosis
|
A cardiovascular disease in which growths called plaques develop on the inner walls of the arteries, narrowing their inner diameters.
|
|
atrioventricular (AV) node
|
A region of specialized muscle tissue between the right atrium and right ventricle. It generates electrical impulses that primarily cause the ventricles to contract.
|
|
atrioventricular valve
|
A valve in the heart between each atrium and ventricle that prevents a backflow of blood when the ventricles contract.
|
|
atrium
|
(plural, atria) A chamber that receives blood returning to the vertebrate heart.
|
|
blood pressure
|
The hydrostatic force that blood exerts against the wall of a vessel.
|
|
blood vessel
|
A set of tubes through which the blood moves through the body.
|
|
blood
|
A type of connective tissue with a fluid matrix called plasma in which blood cells are suspended.
|
|
breathing control center
|
A brain center that directs the activity of organs involved in breathing.
|
|
bronchi
|
(plural, bronchi) One of a pair of breathing tubes that branch from the trachea into the lungs.
|
|
bronchioles
|
Fine branches of the bronchus that transport air to alveoli.
|
|
capillary bed
|
A network of capillaries that infiltrate every organ and tissue in the body.
|
|
capillary
|
A microscopic blood vessel that penetrates the tissues and consists of a single layer of endothelial cells that allows exchange between the blood and interstitial fluid.
|
|
cardiac cycle
|
The alternating contractions and relaxations of the heart.
|
|
cardiac output
|
The volume of blood pumped per minute by the left ventricle of the heart.
|
|
cardiovascular disease
|
Diseases of the heart and blood vessels.
|
|
cardiovascular system
|
A closed circulatory system with a heart and branching network of arteries, capillaries, and veins; the system is characteristic of vertebrates.
|
|
closed circulatory system
|
Circulatory systems in which blood is confined to vessels and is kept separate from the interstitial fluid.
|
|
countercurrent exchange
|
The opposite flow of adjacent fluids that maximizes transfer rates; for example, blood in the gills flows in the opposite direction in which water passes over the gills, maximizing oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide loss.
|
|
diaphragm
|
(1) A sheet of muscle that forms the bottom wall of the thoracic cavity in mammals; active in ventilating the lungs. (2) A dome-shaped rubber cup fitted into the upper portion of the vagina before sexual intercourse. It serves as a physical barrier to block the passage of sperm.
|
|
diastole
|
The stage of the heart cycle in which the heart muscle is relaxed, allowing the chambers to fill with blood.
|
|
diastolic pressure
|
Blood pressure that remains between heart contractions.
|
|
dissociation curve
|
A chart showing the relative amounts of oxygen bound to hemoglobin when the pigment is exposed to solutions varying in their partial pressure of dissolved oxygen.
|
|
double circulation
|
A circulation scheme with separate pulmonary and systemic circuits, which ensures vigorous blood flow to all organs.
|
|
electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
|
A record of the electrical impulses that travel through cardiac muscle during the heart cycle.
|
|
endothelium
|
The innermost, simple squamous layer of cells lining the blood vessels; the only constituent structure of capillaries.
|
|
erythrocytes
|
A red blood cell; contains hemoglobin, which functions in transporting oxygen in the circulatory system.
|
|
erythropoietin
|
A hormone produced in the kidney when tissues of the body do not receive enough oxygen. This hormone stimulates the production of erythrocytes.
|
|
fibrin
|
The activated form of the blood-clotting protein fibrinogen, which aggregates into threads that form the fabric of the clot.
|
|
fibrinogen
|
The inactive form of the plasma protein that is converted to the active form fibrin, which aggregates into threads that form the framework of a blood clot.
|
|
gas exchange
|
The uptake of molecular oxygen from the environment and the discharge of carbon dioxide to the environment.
|
|
gill circulation
|
The flow of blood through gills.
|
|
gill
|
A localized extension of the body surface of many aquatic animals, specialized for gas exchange.
|
|
heart rate
|
The rate of heart contraction.
|
|
heart
|
A muscular pump that uses metabolic energy to elevate hydrostatic pressure of the blood. Blood then flows down a pressure gradient through blood vessels that eventually return blood to the heart.
|
|
hemocyanin
|
A type of respiratory pigment that uses copper as its oxygen-binding component. Hemocyanin is found in the hemolymph of arthropods and many mollusks.
|
|
hemoglobin
|
An iron-containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds oxygen.
|
|
hemolymph
|
In invertebrates with an open circulatory system, the body fluid that bathes tissues.
|
|
hemophilia
|
A human genetic disease caused by a sex-linked recessive allele, characterized by excessive bleeding following injury.
|
|
high–density lipoproteins (HDLs)
|
A cholesterol-carrying particle in the blood, made up of cholesterol and other lipids surrounded by a single layer of phospholipids in which proteins are embedded. An HDL particle carries less cholesterol than a related lipoprotein, LDL, and may be correlated with a decreased risk of blood vessel blockage.
|
|
larynx
|
The voicebox, containing the vocal cords.
|
|
leukocyte
|
A white blood cell; typically functions in immunity, such as phagocytosis or antibody production.
|
|
low–density lipoproteins (LDLs)
|
A cholesterol-carrying particle in the blood, made up of cholesterol and other lipids surrounded by a single layer of phospholipids in which proteins are embedded. An LDL particle carries the blood correlate with a tendency to develop blocked blood vessels and heart disease.
|
|
lymph
|
The colorless fluid, derived from interstitial fluid, in the lymphatic system of vertebrate animals.
|
|
lymph node
|
Organs located along lymph vessels. They filter lymph and help attack viruses and bacteria.
|
|
lymphatic system
|
A system of vessels and lymph nodes, separate from the circulatory system, that returns fluid and protein to the blood.
|
|
myoglobin
|
An oxygen-storing, pigmented protein in muscle cells.
|
|
negative pressure breathing
|
A breathing system in which air is pulled into the lungs.
|
|
open circulatory system
|
An arrangement of internal transport in which blood bathes the organs directly and there is no distinction between blood and interstitial fluid.
|
|
pacemaker
|
A specialized region of the right atrium of the mammalian heart that sets the rate of contraction; also called the sinoatrial (SA) node.
|
|
parabronchi
|
The sites of gas exchange in bird lungs. They allow air to flow past the respiratory surface in just one direction.
|
|
partial pressure
|
The concentration of gases; a fraction of total pressure.
|
|
peripheral resistance
|
The impedance of blood flow by the arterioles.
|
|
plasma
|
The liquid matrix of blood in which the cells are suspended.
|
|
platelet
|
A small enucleated blood cell important in blood clotting; derived from large cells in the bone marrow.
|
|
pluripotent stem cell
|
A cell within bone marrow that is a progenitor for any kind of blood cell.
|
|
positive pressure breathing
|
A breathing system in which air is forced into the lungs.
|
|
pulmocutaneous
|
The route of circulation that directs blood to the skin and lungs.
|
|
pulmonary circuit
|
The branch of the circulatory system that supplies the lungs.
|
|
pulse
|
The rhythmic stretching of the arteries caused by the pressure of blood forced through the arteries by contractions of the ventricles during systole.
|
|
red blood cell
|
A blood cell conaining hemoglobin, which transports O2. Also called erythrocyte.
|
|
residual volume
|
The amount of air that remains in the lungs after forcefully exhaling.
|
|
respiratory medium
|
The source of oxygen. It is typically air for terrestrial animals and water for aquatic organisms.
|
|
respiratory pigment
|
Special proteins that transport most of the oxygen in blood.
|
|
respiratory surface
|
The part of an animal where gases are exchanged with the environment.
|
|
semilunar valves
|
A valve located at the two exits of the heart, where the aorta leaves the left ventricle and the pulmonary artery leaves the right ventricle.
|
|
sinoatrial (SA) node
|
A specialized region of the right atrium of the mammalian heart that sets the rate of contraction; also called the sinoatrial (SA) node.
|
|
sinuses
|
Spaces surrounding the organs of the body in animals with open circulatory systems.
|
|
stroke volume
|
The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in each contraction.
|
|
systemic circulation
|
The branch of the circulatory system that supplies all body organs and then returns oxygen-poor blood to the right atrium via the veins.
|
|
systole
|
The stage of the heart cycle in which the heart muscle contracts and the chambers pump blood.
|
|
thrombus
|
A clump of platelets and fibrin that block the flow of blood through a blood vessel.
|
|
tidal volume
|
The volume of air an animal inhales and exhales with each breath.
|
|
trachea
|
The windpipe; that portion of the respiratory tube that has C-shaped cartilagenous rings and passes from the larynx to two bronchi.
|
|
tracheal system
|
A gas exchange system of branched, chitin-lined tubes that infiltrate the body and carry oxygen directly to cells in insects.
|
|
vein
|
1) In animals, a vessel that returns blood to the heart. (2) In plants, a vascular bundle in a leaf.
|
|
ventilation
|
Any method of increasing contact between the respiratory medium and the respiratory surface.
|
|
ventricles
|
(1) A heart chamber that pumps blood out of a heart. (2) A space in the vertebrate brain, filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
|
|
venule
|
A vessel that conveys blood between a capillary bed and a vein.
|
|
vital capacity
|
The maximum volume of air that a respiratory system can inhale and exhale.
|
|
vocal cords
|
One of a pair of stringlike tissues in the larynx. Air rushing past the tensed vocal cords makes them vibrate, producing sounds.
|
|
white blood cell
|
A blood cell that functions in defending the body against infections and cancer cells; also called a leukocyte.
|