Ap Biology

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abiotic

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nonliving, as in the physical enviornment

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absorption

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process of how water and dissolved substances pass though a membrane

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acoelomates

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an animal that lacks a coelom, has bilateral symmetry, and has one internal space - digestive cavity

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action potential

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the change in electrical potential across a nerve or muscle cell when stimulated . aka nerve impulse

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active immunity

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protective immunity to a disease in which the individual produces antibodies as a result of previous exposure to the antigen

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adaptation

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a behavioural or biological change that enables an organism to adjust to its environment

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adenine

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a puring base that pairs with thymine in dna and uracil in rna

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adenosine phosphate

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adenosine diphosphate adp and adenosine triphosphate atp which are energy storage molecules

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adipose

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fatty tissue, fat stroring tissue, or fat within cells

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adrenaline (epinephrine)

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an emergency hormone stimulated by anger or fear, increases blood pressure and heart rate in order to supply the emergency needs of the muscles

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adventitious roots

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roots that develop in an unusual place

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aerobe

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an organism that requires oxygen for respiration and can live only in the presence of oxygen

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aerobic

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requiring free oxygen from the atmospher for normal activity and respiration

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aerobic catabolism

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metabolic breakdown of complex molecules into simple ones through the use of oxygen, results in the release of energy

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agonistic response

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response of aggression or submission between two organisms

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allele

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one of two or more types of genes each representing a particlar trait, many alleles exist for a specific gene locus

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allopatric speciation

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evolution of species that occurs in separate geographic areas

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alternation of generations

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the description of a plant life cycle that consists of a diploid, asexual, sporophyte generation and a haploid, sexual, gametophyte generation

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anaerobe

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an organism that does not require free oxygen in order to respire

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anaerobic

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living or active in the absence of free oxygen, pertaining to respiration that is independent of oxygen

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anaerobic catabolism

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metabolic breakdown of complex molecules into simple ones without the use of oxygen reulsts in the release of energy

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analogous

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describes structures that have similar function but different evolutionary orgins. ex birds wing and moths wing

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anaphase

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stage in mitosis that is characterized by the migration of chromatids to opposite end of the cell, stage in meiosis during which the homologous pairs migrate and the stage in meiosis during which chromatids migrate to different ends of the cell

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andorgen

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a male sex hormone eg testosterone

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angiosperm

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a flowering plant, a plant of the class angiospermae that produces seeds enclosed in an ovary and is characterized by the possession of fruit and flowers

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animalia

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kingdom that includes all extinct and living animals

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antibiotic

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an antipathogenic substance ex penicillin

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antibody

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globular proteins produced by tissues that destroy or inactivates antigens

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antigen

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a foreign protein that stimulates the production of antibodies when introduced into the body of an organism

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appendage

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a structure that extends from the trunk of an organism and is capable of active movements

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archaea

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kingdom comprised of an ancient group of microorganisms (bacteria) that are metabolically and genetically different from other bacteria, they came before the eukaryotes

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artery

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a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart

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asexual reproduction

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production of daughter cells by means other than the sexual union of gametes (budding and binary fission)

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ATPase

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enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of atp to adp, releases energy

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autonomic nervous system

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part of the nervous system that regulates the involuntary muscle such as the walls of the alimentary canal, inclues the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems

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autosomal genes

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non sex linked genes

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autosome

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any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

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autotroph

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an organism that utilizes the energy of inorganic materials such as water and co2 or the sun to manufacture organic materials, ex plants.

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axon

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nerve fiber

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bacteria

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kingdom of single celled organisms that reproduce by fission and can be spiral, rod, or spherical shaped, often pathogenic organisms that rapidly reproduce.

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base pair substitution

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when one base pair is incorrectly reproduced and substituted for another base pair

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bilateral symmetry

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equal division of an organism from left and right half

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bile

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an emulsifying agent secreted by the liver

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bile salts

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compunds in bile that aid in emulsification

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binary fission

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asexual reproduction, in this process the parent organism splits into two equal daughter cells

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binomial nomenclature

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system of naming an organism by its genus and species names

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biological species concept bsc

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definition of a species as a naturally interbreeding population of organisms that produces viable, fertile offspring

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biotic

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living

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calvin cycle

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cycle in photosynthesis that reduces fixed carbon to carbohydrates through the addition of electrons. aka dark cycle

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CAM (crassulacean acid metabolism)

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storage of carbon dioxide at night in the form of organic acids

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carbohydrate

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an organic compound to which hydrogen and oxygen are attached, the hydrogen and oxygen are in a 2:1 ratio, ex. include sugars starches and cellulose.

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carbon cycle

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recycling of carbon from decaying organisms for use in future generations

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carbon fixation

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conversion of carbon dioxide into organic compouns using the calvin cycle, the second stage of photosynthesis. aka dark reaction

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catabolism

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metabolic breakdown of complex molecules into simple ones, releasing energy

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central nervous system cns

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encompasses the brain and the spinal cord

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chemiosmosis

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coupling of enzyme catalyzed reactions

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chi squared analysis

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test to see if a theory is backed up by experimental results

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chloroplast

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a plastid containing chlorophyll

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chlorophyll

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green pigment that performs essential functions as an electron donor and light entrapper in photosynthesis

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chromatin

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nuclear protein of chromosomes that stains readily

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clotting

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thecoagulation of blood caused by the rupture of platelets and the interaction of fibrin, fibrinogen, thrombin, prothrombin, and calcium ions

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coelom

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space between the mesodermal layers that forms the body cavity of some animal phyla

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coelomates

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organisms that contain a coelom

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cone

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cell in the retina that is sensitive to colors and is responsible for color vision

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conifers

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phylum of cone bearing gymnosperm trees and shrubs that are primarily needle and scale leaved

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connective tissue

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highly vascular matrix that forms the supporting and connecting structures of the body

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consumer

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primary, secondary, and tertiary

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convergent

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adaptive evolution of similar structures, such as wings

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coupled reaction

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chemical reaction in which energy is transferred from one side of the reatction to the other through a common intermediate

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cristae

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inward folds of the mitochondrial membrane

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crossing over

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exchange of parts of homologous chromosomes during meiosis

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cytokinesis

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process by which the cytoplasm and the organelles of the cell divide, the final stage of mitosis

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cytoplasm

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living matter of a cell, located between the cell membrane and nucleus

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cytosine

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nitrogen base that is present in nucleotides and nucleic acids, paired with guanine

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dark (Calvin) reactions

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processes that occur after the light reactions of photosynthesis, during carbon fixation, without the presence of light

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Charles Darwin

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1809 - 1882 naturalist who came up with the theory of evolution based on natural selection

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decomposers

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organisms that feed on and break down dead plant or animal matter

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degree of freedom df

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independent statistical category, number of categories of observation minus one

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density dependent factors

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effects that increase population density and smaller population size. Some examples of these are predation, disease and competition

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density independent factors

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effects that are independent of population size. Some examples of these are climate and catastrophe

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deoxyribose

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a five carbon sugar that has one oxygen atom less than ribose, component of dna

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determinate cleavage

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irreversible division of an egg into specific areas for further development

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deuterostomes

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means second mouth, mouth forms from the second opening of the digestive tract in embroys. these organisms have a mouth, radial cleavage, anus, coelom, and indeteminate cleavage in common

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differentiation

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a progressive change from when a permanently more matrue or advanced state results for example, a relatively unspecialized cells development into a more specialized one

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diffusion

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movement of particle from one place to another as a result of their random motion

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digestion

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process of breaking down large organic molecules into smaller ones

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digestive system

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the alimentary canal and glands which ingest, digest and absorb food

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digestive tract

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the alimentary canal

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dihybrid

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an organism that is heterozygous for two different traits

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dihybrid cross

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a hybridization between two traits each with two alleles

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diploid

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describes cells that have a double set of chromosomes in homologous pairs, 2n

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directional selction

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favors organisms that have extreme variation of traits within a population

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disruptive (diversifying) selection

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sudden changes in the environment cause organisms with extreme variation of traits in a population to be favored

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domains

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biological classification of prokaryotes and eukaryotes into bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

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ecological succession

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the orderly process by which one biotic community replaces another until a climax community is established

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ecology

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the study of organisms in relation to their environment

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ecosystem

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ecological community and its environment

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ectoderm

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outer most embryonic germ layer that gives rise to the epidermis and nervous system

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electrochemical gradient

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diffusion gradient of an ion including potential and kinetic energy of the ion

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electron transport chain

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a complex carrier mechanism located on the insideof the inner mitochondrial membrane of cell, releases energy and is used to form atp

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endemic

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pertaining to a restricted locality, ecologically occurring only in one particular region

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endocrine gland

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a ductluss gland that secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream

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endocrine hormone system

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collection of ductless glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream with various effects on the body, includes thyroid gland, pituitary gland, etc

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endocytosis

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process where the cell membrane is folded inward to form a vesticle with an extracellular medium

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endoderm

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the innermost embryonic germ layer that gives rise to the lining of the alimentary canal and to the digestive and respiratory organs

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endoplasm

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the inner portion of the cytoplasm of a cell or the portion that surrounds the nucleus

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endoplasmic reticulum

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a network of membrain enclosed spaces connected with the nuclear membrane. transports materials through the cell

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energy flow

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movement of energy throughout the trophic levels of an ecosystem

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enzyme

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organic catalyst and protein

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epidermal tissue

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outer of integumentary layer of the body, including sebum adipose and skin cells

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eukarya

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domain containing all eukaryotic organisms

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exocrine

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pertaining to a type of gland that releases it secretion through a duct, ex slivary gland or liver

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exocytosis

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process by which the vesicle in the cell fuses with the cell membrane and releases its contents to the outside

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exons

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dna that is transcribed to rna and codes for protein synthesis

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f1

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first filial generation

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f2

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second filial generation, offspring resulting from the corssing of individuals of the f1 generation