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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
primary structure
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level of protein structure refering to the sequence of amino acids
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glycolysis
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splitting of glucose into 2 pyruvates. The start of fermentation (aerobic respiration)
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base
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a substance that reduce H+ concentration (and increase -OH)
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cellular respiratoin
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most efficient catabolic pathway of producing ATP
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aqueous soolution
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a solution in which water is the solvent
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Krebs cycle
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chemical cycle with 8 steps that completes the breakdown of glucose; occurs in the matrix of mitochondria; 2nd major step in celluar respiration
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isotonic
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solution of equal solute concentration
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dehydrattion syntheses (condensation reaction)
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bonding of 2 molecule iwht the loss of a water molecule
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ribosome
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the site of protein synthesis
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hypertonic
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solution with a lesser solute concentration
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amphipathic
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molecule with both a hydrophilic and hydrophobic region
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transcription
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the transfer of information from DNA into RNA molecule
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bottleneck effect
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genetic drift resulting from the reduction of a population, usually by natural disaster, such that the surviving population is no longer genetically representative of the orginial population
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gene flow
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loss of gain of alleles from a popluatoin due to emigratoin or immigration
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primase
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joins RNA nucleotides to make the primer
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DNA polymerase
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an enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of new DNA at a replication fork in the 5'to 3'directoin
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anagensis
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pattern of evolutionary change where the entire population transfor so much that it beomes a seperate specie.
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solvent
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the dissolving agent of a solution
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pH scale
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a measure of hydrogen ion concentration equal to -log[H+} and renging from 0 to 14
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DNA ligase
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linking enzyme that catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3' end of a new DNA fragment
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plasmodesmata
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an open channel in the cell wall of plants that allow cytoplasm to flow between cells.
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anticodon
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specialized base triplet on one end of tRNA that recognizes complementary codon on mRNA
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photosystem I
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reacton-center in chloroplast; exicted by wavelength at 700nm; responsible in cyclic photophosphorolation
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cladogenesis
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pattern of evolationary change in which more then 1 new specie is produced
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plasmolysis
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the shrinking of a cell from loss of water
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turgid
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firm; walled cells become turgid as a result of the entry of water
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deuterostome
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echinoderms and chordates; the frist opening becomes the anus
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microfilaments
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solid rod of actin protein
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light reaction
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step in photosynthesis that occur on the thylakoid that convert solar energy to ATP and NADPH, oxygen is released
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anion
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negatively charged ion
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cation
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positively charged ion
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cell fractionation
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disruption of a cell and separation of its organelles by centrifugation
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phylogeny
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evolutionary history of a species or group of related species
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speciation
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origin of new species in evolution
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punctuated equilibrium
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theory of evolution advocating spurts of rapid change followed by long period of stasis
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fermentation
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catabolic process that makes limited amount of ATP (usually 2) End product are ethyl alcohol in plant, and lactic acid in muscle (animal cells)
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dalton
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nit of measure used for atom and subatomic particles
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mass number
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the sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
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cystic fibrosis
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a disease in which buildup of mucus in lungs and other organs that may lead to pnenomia
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test cross
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breeding of arganism with unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual
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plasma membrane
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membrane at the coundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier
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active site
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specific portion of an enzyme that attaches to the substrate by means of chemical bonds
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eukaryotic cell
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type of cell that contains a nucleus
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Huntington's disease
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degenerative disease of the nercous system caused by a lethal dominant allele that has no effect until 35 to 45 years old
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mRNA
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type of RNA synthesized from DNA in transcription
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allopatric speciation
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mode of speciatin where the ancestral population becomes segregated by a geographical barrier
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