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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What limits population growth in an environment? Which type of limiting factors are reliable population control methods? |
These are the reliable density, dependent ones; resources, predators, disease, and habitat. |
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What are factors that can change an allele frequency in a population? |
Genetic Drift Selection (different types) Gene Flow Density- Independent/Dependent Factors |
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What is genetic drift? |
Gene frequency changes in a small population. |
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Identify graphs of stabilizing, disruptive, and directional selection. |
Directional - shift towards one phenotype Disruptive - extreme to both sides of phenotype Stabilizing - narrow, towards center (heterozygous) |
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How are molecular homologies studied to determine common ancestry? |
Look at DNA or proteins. The more similar they are, the more closely related they are. |
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What is the difference between the Founder and Bottleneck effects? |
Founder: immigrants somewhere new little breaks off. Bottleneck Effect: natural disaster large population dies, little survives |
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How can a lack of genetic diversity harm a population? |
The lack can cause population to be susceptible to disease. |
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What are the differences between K and R strategists? |
K- short life, little parenting, rapid growth, boom bust cycle (usually) R- long life, slow growth, stable environments, predators |
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What are 5 conditions that must be met for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? |
Very large population, no migration, no mutation, random mating, no selection |
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How is Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium used? What are the formulas for calculating allele frequency and genotype frequency? |
To determine if population is changing or not. p + q = 1 p^2 + 2pq + q^2 =1 |
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What does cladistics use to help classify organisms? |
Fossils, morphological structures (body structures), and genetic/molecular sequences. |
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What is punctuated equilibrium? |
Evolution has big burst of change, then stabilizes, the bursts again, stabilizes, etc. |
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What is the difference between allopatric and sympatric speciation? |
Allopatric - geographically isolated Sympatric - same habitat |
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What are factors that drive sympatric speciation? |
Polyploidy: combine chromosomes (hybrids), Natural selection: new habitatsSexual Selection: Behavior and temporal stuff |
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What are the factors that drive allopatric speciation? |
Restrictive of gene flow by geographic isolation. |
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What did Miller-Urey experiment help prove? |
Abiotic processes could synthesize organic molecules in oxygen free atmosphere. |
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Know the difference between derived and ancestral characteristics. |
Derived - new evolved trait, not passed downAncestral - was passed down |
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What is radiometric dating and how are half-lifves used? |
Estimates age of fossils by measuring amount of radioactive isotopes. Equation is 1 divided by 2 to the power of n. Then the age is the half life times n. |
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What are the 3 possible outcomes of hybrids? |
Reinforcement: less fit, barriers increase, dehybridization stopsFusion: As fit, species fusing, barriers decreaseStability: outside gene flows, barriers stay |
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What are differences between homologous structures and analogous structures? |
Homologous - same structure, doesn't have to be the same function, common ancestor Analogous - different structure, serve same function, no common ancestry |
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What are the elements that are essential to life? |
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. |
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How do you calculate atomic mass? |
Add protons and neutrons. |
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What are the uses of radioactive isotopes in Biology? |
Dating fossils, tracking processes, and diagnosing medical disorders. |
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What determines the chemical behavior of an atom? |
Valence electrons. |
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What is the difference between an ionic and covalent bond? |
Ionic - one atom takes away electron Covalent - electron shared |
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What is electronegativity?
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Atom's attraction for electrons. |
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What are the weak chemical bonds we learned about, and how do they work? |
Hydrogen bond - hydrogen atom in polar bond attracted to nearby molecule Van der Waals - attractions between polar molecules close together |
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What 4 properties does water have that makes life on Earth possible? |
Cohesion/adhesion Moderate temperature Expands when frozen Solvent |
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What are the formulas used in acid base chemistry? |
[H][OH] = 10 ^-14 pH = -log [H] pH + pOH = 14 [H] = 10^pH |
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What ions do acids and bases add to a solution? |
Acids add [H+] hydronium Bases [OH-] hydroxyl |
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Know the hydroxyl, carboxyl, carbonyl, amino, phosphate, and ` functional groups and properties. |
Hydroxyl - OH, alcohols Carboxyl - COOH, acidic Carbonyl - CO, ketones & aldehydes Amino - NH2, amino acids Phosphate - PO3, ATP & DNA & phospholipids Sulfhydryl - SH, proteins |
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Why is carbon so versatile? |
4 valence electrons; versatile, lots of bonds - single, double, and triple |
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What is the difference between monomers and polymers? |
Monomers - single piece, building block Polymers - Long chain of monomers |
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What reaction builds polymers, what reaction breaks down polymers? |
Builds - dehydration synthesis Breaks down - hydrolysis |
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Know the 4 dissacharides we discussed and what makes them up. |
Glucose + fructose = sucrose Galactose + glucose = lactose Galactose + fructose = lactulose Glucose + glucose = maltose |
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What are the storage polysaccharides? What are the structural polysaccharides? |
Storage - glycogen & starch Structural - cellulose & chitin |
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What are the building blocks of fat? |
Glycerol & fatty acids |
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Compare and contrast unsaturated to saturated fats. |
Unsaturated - double bonds, oils Saturated - no double bonds, solid |
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What role do phospholipids play in your body? |
Make up cell membranes |
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What are the bonds in carbohydrates? What are the bonds in lipids? |
Carbs - glycosidic bonds Lipids - ester bonds |