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40 Cards in this Set

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  • Back

What limits population growth in an environment? Which type of limiting factors are reliable population control methods?

These are the reliable density, dependent ones; resources, predators, disease, and habitat.

What are factors that can change an allele frequency in a population?

Genetic Drift


Selection (different types)


Gene Flow


Density- Independent/Dependent Factors

What is genetic drift?

Gene frequency changes in a small population.

Identify graphs of stabilizing, disruptive, and directional selection.

Directional - shift towards one phenotype


Disruptive - extreme to both sides of phenotype


Stabilizing - narrow, towards center (heterozygous)

How are molecular homologies studied to determine common ancestry?

Look at DNA or proteins. The more similar they are, the more closely related they are.

What is the difference between the Founder and Bottleneck effects?

Founder: immigrants somewhere new little breaks off.


Bottleneck Effect: natural disaster large population dies, little survives

How can a lack of genetic diversity harm a population?

The lack can cause population to be susceptible to disease.

What are the differences between K and R strategists?

K- short life, little parenting, rapid growth, boom bust cycle (usually)


R- long life, slow growth, stable environments, predators

What are 5 conditions that must be met for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Very large population, no migration, no mutation, random mating, no selection

How is Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium used? What are the formulas for calculating allele frequency and genotype frequency?

To determine if population is changing or not.


p + q = 1


p^2 + 2pq + q^2 =1

What does cladistics use to help classify organisms?

Fossils, morphological structures (body structures), and genetic/molecular sequences.

What is punctuated equilibrium?

Evolution has big burst of change, then stabilizes, the bursts again, stabilizes, etc.

What is the difference between allopatric and sympatric speciation?

Allopatric - geographically isolated


Sympatric - same habitat

What are factors that drive sympatric speciation?

Polyploidy: combine chromosomes (hybrids), Natural selection: new habitatsSexual Selection: Behavior and temporal stuff

What are the factors that drive allopatric speciation?

Restrictive of gene flow by geographic isolation.

What did Miller-Urey experiment help prove?

Abiotic processes could synthesize organic molecules in oxygen free atmosphere.

Know the difference between derived and ancestral characteristics.

Derived - new evolved trait, not passed downAncestral - was passed down

What is radiometric dating and how are half-lifves used?

Estimates age of fossils by measuring amount of radioactive isotopes. Equation is 1 divided by 2 to the power of n. Then the age is the half life times n.

What are the 3 possible outcomes of hybrids?

Reinforcement: less fit, barriers increase, dehybridization stopsFusion: As fit, species fusing, barriers decreaseStability: outside gene flows, barriers stay

What are differences between homologous structures and analogous structures?

Homologous - same structure, doesn't have to be the same function, common ancestor


Analogous - different structure, serve same function, no common ancestry

What are the elements that are essential to life?

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.

How do you calculate atomic mass?

Add protons and neutrons.

What are the uses of radioactive isotopes in Biology?

Dating fossils, tracking processes, and diagnosing medical disorders.

What determines the chemical behavior of an atom?

Valence electrons.

What is the difference between an ionic and covalent bond?

Ionic - one atom takes away electron


Covalent - electron shared

What is electronegativity?

Atom's attraction for electrons.

What are the weak chemical bonds we learned about, and how do they work?

Hydrogen bond - hydrogen atom in polar bond attracted to nearby molecule


Van der Waals - attractions between polar molecules close together

What 4 properties does water have that makes life on Earth possible?

Cohesion/adhesion


Moderate temperature


Expands when frozen


Solvent

What are the formulas used in acid base chemistry?

[H][OH] = 10 ^-14


pH = -log [H]


pH + pOH = 14


[H] = 10^pH

What ions do acids and bases add to a solution?

Acids add [H+] hydronium


Bases [OH-] hydroxyl



Know the hydroxyl, carboxyl, carbonyl, amino, phosphate, and ` functional groups and properties.

Hydroxyl - OH, alcohols


Carboxyl - COOH, acidic


Carbonyl - CO, ketones & aldehydes


Amino - NH2, amino acids


Phosphate - PO3, ATP & DNA & phospholipids


Sulfhydryl - SH, proteins

Why is carbon so versatile?

4 valence electrons; versatile, lots of bonds - single, double, and triple

What is the difference between monomers and polymers?

Monomers - single piece, building block


Polymers - Long chain of monomers

What reaction builds polymers, what reaction breaks down polymers?

Builds - dehydration synthesis


Breaks down - hydrolysis



Know the 4 dissacharides we discussed and what makes them up.

Glucose + fructose = sucrose


Galactose + glucose = lactose


Galactose + fructose = lactulose


Glucose + glucose = maltose

What are the storage polysaccharides? What are the structural polysaccharides?

Storage - glycogen & starch


Structural - cellulose & chitin

What are the building blocks of fat?

Glycerol & fatty acids

Compare and contrast unsaturated to saturated fats.

Unsaturated - double bonds, oils


Saturated - no double bonds, solid

What role do phospholipids play in your body?

Make up cell membranes

What are the bonds in carbohydrates? What are the bonds in lipids?

Carbs - glycosidic bonds


Lipids - ester bonds