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107 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Atomic number
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Number of protons
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Element
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Atoms that have the same atomic number and there fore have the same chemical properties
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Atomic Mass
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Sum of protons and neutrons
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Isotopes
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Atoms of the same element that have different atomic mass numbers due to different numbers of neutrons
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Neutral Atoms
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Have the same number of protons and electrons
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Ions
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Charged atoms
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Cations
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Have more protons than electrons and are positively charged
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Anions
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Have more electrons that protons and are negatively charged
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Oxidation
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Loss of an electron
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Reduction
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Gain of an electron
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Valence Electrons
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The electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom
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Periodic Table
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Arranges all elements according to their atomic number, and there fore organizes elements with similar chemical properties.
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Octet Rule
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Atoms tend to establish completely-full outer energy levels
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Molecules
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Groups of atoms held together in a stable group
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Compounds
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Molecules containing more than one type of element
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Chemical Bonds
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How atoms are held together in molecules or compounds
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Ionic Bonds
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Formed by the attraction of oppositely charged ions
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Covalent Bonds
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Form when atoms share 2 or more valence electrons. The strength depends on the number of electron pairs shared by the atoms
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Electronegativity
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An atom's affinity for electrons
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Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
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Equal sharing of electrons
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Polar Covalent Bonds
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Unequal sharing of electrons, delta slight charges. They are asymmetrically shared. O-H, N-H, N=C, O=C, S-H
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3 things that influence a chemical reaction:
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1. Temperature 2. Concentration of reactants and products 3. Availability of a catalyst (increases rate of chemical reaction)
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Hydrogen Bonds
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Weak attractions between the partially negative oxygen of one water molecule and the partially hydrogen of a different water molecule
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Cohesion
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Water molecules stick other water molecules by hydrogen bonding
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Adhesion
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Water molecules stick to other polar molecules by hydrogen bonding
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6 Properties of Water
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1. Has a high specific heat 2. Has a high heat of vaporization 3. Solid water is less dense than liquid water 4. A good solvent 5. Organizes nonpolar molecules 6. Can form ions
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Hydrophilic
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Water loving
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Hydrophobic
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Water fearing
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Acid
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A chemical that releases H+1 ions
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Base
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A chemical that accepts H+1 ions
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Buffer
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A chemical that accepts/releases as necessary to keep pH constant
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Amphipathic
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One side of a molecule is hydrophilic, and one is hydrophobic
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Dehydration Synthesis
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The formation of large molecules by the removal of water. Monomers are joined to make polymers
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Hydrolysis
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The breakdown of large molecules by the addition of water. Breaking 1 polymer back into 2 monomers
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Isomers
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Same molecular formula, different structure
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To be water soluble (2 things):
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1. Must be hydrophilic (Polar covalent bonds with delta charges or ionic, positive and negative) 2. Small
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Hydration Sphere
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Surrounded by a sphere of water molecules
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Functional Groups
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Carbon groups with specific properties
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Monomer
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Single subunity
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Polymer
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Many units
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Chiral
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Molecules are mirror-images of each other
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Monosaccharide
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A single sugar, contains 6 carbons, very important in energy storage, fructose is a structural isomer of glucose, and galactose is a stereoisomer of glucose. They are small and hydrophilic and can be carried through membranes
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Carbohydrates
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1. Available energy supply 2. Basic building block for polymers 3. Lots of OH's for dehydration synthesis
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Disaccharides
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Two monosacharides linked together by dehydration synthesis 1. Transport sugar/energy storage 2. Maintain osmotic balance ex. Sucrose, lactose
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Polysaccharides
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1. Long chains of sugars 2. Used for energy storage (Plants use starch, animals use glycogen) 3. Used for structural support 4. Plants use cellulose, animals use chitin
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Storage Polysaccharides
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1. Starch in plants stored in amloplasts of roots and seeds 2. Glycogen in animal's liver and muscles
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Structural Support Polysaccharides
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1. Cellulose in plants 2. Chitin in insect's exoskeletons and fungus cell walls 3. Peptoglycon in bacteria
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Functions of Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA)
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The storage, transmission, and USE of genetic information and thus control the cell activity and characteristics by controlling what proteins are made
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Nucleotides
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Sugar + phosphate + nitrogenous base
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Purines
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Adenine and Guanine
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Pyrimadines
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Thymine (DNA), Cytosine, Uracil (RNA)
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Phosphodiester Bonds
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Connect nucleotides
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Double Helix
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2 polynucleotide strands connected by hydrogen bonds
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DNA
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1. Phosphodiester bonds 2. Double helix 3. Strands are complimentary 4. Genetic information is carried in a sequence of nucleotides
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RNA
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1. Contains Ribose instead of deoxyribose 2. Contains Uracil instead of Thymine 3. Single polynucleotide strand
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Functions of RNA
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1. Read the genetic information in DNA 2. Direct the synthesis of proteins (rRNA, tRNA, mRNA)
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ATP
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Primary energy currency of the cell
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NAD+ and FAD
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Electron carriers for many cellular reactions
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7 Protein Functions
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1. Enzyme catalysts (Callotripsen) 2. Defense (antibodies/antigens) 3. Transport (Carry Oxygen) 4. Support (Callogen has to have the right shape) 5. Motion (Actin and Myesin in muscles) 6. Regulation (Hormones and neurotransmitters) 7. Storage
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Amino Acids
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20 different ones, joined by dehydration synthesis, and have peptide bonds
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Peptide Bonds
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Form between adjacent amino acids
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Amino Acids are classified as:
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1. Nonpolar 2. Polar 3. Charged 4. Aromatic 5. Special function
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Primary Structure of proteins
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Sequence of amino acids
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Secondary structures of proteins
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Interaction of groups in the peptide backbone ex. Helix, sheet, tertiary structure, and quaternary structure
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Chaperone Proteins
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Help fold the proteins
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Denaturation
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A change in the shape of a protein, causing a loss of function. It may involve complete unfolding of the protein and is caused by changes in the protein's environment (pH, temperature, and salt concentration)
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Lipids
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A group of molecules that are insoluble in water. A high proportion of nonpolar C-H bonds causes the molecule to be hydrophobic. Two main categories: Fats and phopholipids
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Triglycerides
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Have 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids
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Fatty Acids
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Are long hydrocarbon chains which may be either: saturated, unsaturated, or polyunsaturated
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Triglycerides
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1. An excellent molecule for energy storage 2. Stores 2x as much energy as carbohydrates 3. Animal fats are saturated fats 4. Plant fats (oils) are unsaturated
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Phospholipids are composed of:
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1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and a phosphate group
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Micelles/Lipid Bilayers
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Phospholipids form them and they are structures that cluster the hydrophobic regions of the phospholipid toward the inside and leave the hydrophilic regions exposed to the water environment. They are the basis of membranes
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Energy
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The capacity to do work
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Kinetic Energy
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The energy of motion
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Potential Energy
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Stored energy
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Kilocalories
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What heat is measured in
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Calorie
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The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of water by 1 degree C.
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Oxidation
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Loss of electrons
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Reduction
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Gain of electrons
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Redox Reactions
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Are coupled to each other
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First Law of Thermodynamics
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Energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can be used for transferring, changing, and storing. Energy can only be converted from one form to another
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Second Law of Thermodynamics
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Entropy (disorder in the universe) is always increasing more than order
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Free Energy
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The energy AVAILABLE to do work (has the symbol G)
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Enthalpy
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Energy contained in a molecule's chemical bonds
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Endergonic Reaction
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A reaction requiring an input of energy (DG is positive)
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Exergonic Reaction
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A reaction that releases free energy (DG is negative)
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Activation Energy
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Extra energy needed to get a reaction started. It destabilizes chemical bonds and requires exergonic reactions
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Catalysts
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Substances that lower the activation energy of a reaction
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Enzymes
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Molecules that catalyze reactions in living cells
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Substrate
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Molecules that will undergo a reaction
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Active Site
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Region of the enzyme that binds to the substrate
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3 Ways that Enzymes are Thrifty Nifty Neat
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1. Specific 2. Reusable 3. Lower the amount of energy (Bringing reactants together, and putting on pressure)
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Ribozymes
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RNA with enzymatic abilities
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Inhibitors
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Molecules that bind to an enzyme to decrease enzyme activity
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Competitive Inhibitors
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Compete with the substrate for binding to the same active site
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Noncompetitive Inhibitors
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Bind to sites other than the enzyme's active site
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Allosteric Enzymes
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Exist in either an active or inactive state
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Allosteric Site
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Where molecules other than the substrate bind
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Allosteric Inhibitors
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Bind to the allosteric site to inactivate the enzyme
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Allosteric Activators
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Bind to the allosteric site to activate the enzymes
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Metabolism
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All chemical reactions occuring in an organism
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Anabolism
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Chemical reactions that expend energy to make new chemical bonds
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Catabolism
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Chemical reactions that harvest energy when bonds are broken
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Cofactors
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Metal ions, found in the active site in catalysts
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Coenzymes
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Nonprotein organic molecules, ofter used as an electron donor or acceptor in a redox reaction
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Biochemical Pathways
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A sense of reactions in which the product of one reaction becomes the substrate for the next reaction.
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Feedback Inhibition
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The end product of the pathway is an allosteric inhibitor of an earlier enzyme in the pathway.
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