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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
2 general types of plants
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bryophytes and tracheophytes
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bryophytes
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-moist environments and absorb water by diffusion
-lack tissue to support tall plants ex) mosses |
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tracheophytes
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-xylem and phloem
-flowering and seedless plants like ferns -divided into gymnosperms and angiosperms |
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gymnosperms
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-conifers- cone bearing
-have modifications for dryness: waxy cuticle and stomal crypts |
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angiosperms
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-flowering plants
-divided into monocots and dicots |
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differences between monocots and dicots (5)
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1. monocots- 1 cotyledon
dicots- 2 2. monocots- vascular bundles scattered dicots- arranged in a ring 3. monocots- parallel leaf veins dicots- netlike 4. monocots- flowers in 3s dicots- flowers in 4s or 5s 5. monocots- fibrous roots dicots- taproots |
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What helps prevent water loss in plants- support plants living on land and not in water (8)
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1. cell walls- shape
2. roots and root hairs for water absorption 3. stomatal crypts 4. cutin- waxy coat 5. gametangia 6. sporopollenin 7. c-4 and CAM plants 8. seeds and pollen-protective coat |
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meristems
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embryonic tissues that continually divide and generate new cells- the pattern of growth depends on the location of the meristem
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primary growth
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the elongation of the plant down into the soil and up into the air
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apical meristem
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located at the tips of the roots and in the buds of shoots- provides primary grwoth
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3 zones of primary growth
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1. zone of cell division- apical meristem
2. zone of elongation 3. zone of differentiation |
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root cap
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protects the root by descreting a substance that helps digest the earth as the root tip grows through the soil
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zone of cell division
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-meristem cells
-actively divide and are responsible for producing new cells that grow into the soil |
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zone of elongation
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cells elongate and ppush root cap downward deeper into the soil
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zone of differentiation
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cells undergo specialization into 3 tissue systems of a plant
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secondary growth
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provided by lateral meristem
-increase in girth -responsible for gradual thinkening of roots and shoots in woody plants |
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3 types of plant tissue
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1. dermal tissue
2. vascular tissue 3. ground tissue |
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dermal tissue
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-covers and protects the plant
-includes endodermis, epidermis, and modified cells like guard cells, root hairs, and cell that produce a waxy cuticle |
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vascular tissue
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-xylem and phloem
-transport water and nutrients around the plant |
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xylem
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water and mineral conducting tissue
-consist of tracheids and vessel elements |
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tracheids
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long thin cells that overlap and are tapered at the ends
-water passes from one cell to another through pits, areas with no secondary wall -supports cell |
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vessel elements
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galigned end to end- ends are perforated to allow free flow through the vessel
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which plants have which
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-seedless vascularplants and most gymnosperms have only tracheids
-most angiosperms have both tracheids and vessel members |
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phloem
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carry sugars from photosynthetic leaves to the rest of the plant by active transport
-sieve tubes and sieve plates- conduct fluid |
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ground tissue
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-most common, functions mainly in support
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3 types of ground tissue
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1. parenchyma
2. schlerenchma 3. collenchyma |
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parenchymmal cells
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-look like traditional plant cells
-ccontain plastids and store starch -give support and shape to the plant -can divide and differentiate esp. when a plant is injured |
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collenchymal cells
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-thick primary cell walls
-support the growing stem |
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schlerenchymal cells
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-thick primary and secondaary walls
-support the plant 2 types: fibers and sclereids |
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function of roots
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to absorb nutrients from the soil, anchor teh plant, and store food
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parts of the root
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epidermis, root hairs, cortex, stele/vascular cylinder, endoderm/endodermis
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epidermis
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covers the surface of the root and is modified for absorption
-have root hairs to increase surface area for more absportion |
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cortex
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consists of parenchymal cells that contain plastids to store starch and other organic materials
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stele/vascular cylinder
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consists of vascular tissues (xylem and phloem( surrounded by tissue called pericyle
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endoderm
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tightly packed layer of cells that surrounds the vascular cylinder
-selects what minerals enter the vascular cylinder and the body of the plant |
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taproot
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single large root that gives rise to lateral branch roots
-primary root in dicots |
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fibrous root system
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-common in monocots
-holds a plant firmly in place |
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adventitious roots
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roots that rise above the round
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aerial roots
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stick up out of water and serve to aerate the root cells
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prop roots
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in tall plants- grow above ground and help support the plant
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vascular bundles
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strands where vascular tissue in stems are
-zylem faces outward, phloem faces inward, and meristem tissue in between -SCATTERED in monocots, RING in dicots |
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ground tissue of the stem
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consists of cortex and pith, parenchymal tissues for modified storage
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apical meristem in stems
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located at tips of shoots and roots, supply cells for the plant to grow in length
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