Ap Bio Plants

Front 1

2 general types of plants

Back 1

bryophytes and tracheophytes

Front 2

bryophytes

Back 2

-moist environments and absorb water by diffusion
-lack tissue to support tall plants
ex) mosses

Front 3

tracheophytes

Back 3

-xylem and phloem
-flowering and seedless plants like ferns
-divided into gymnosperms and angiosperms

Front 4

gymnosperms

Back 4

-conifers- cone bearing
-have modifications for dryness: waxy cuticle and stomal crypts

Front 5

angiosperms

Back 5

-flowering plants
-divided into monocots and dicots

Front 6

differences between monocots and dicots (5)

Back 6

1. monocots- 1 cotyledon
dicots- 2
2. monocots- vascular bundles scattered
dicots- arranged in a ring
3. monocots- parallel leaf veins
dicots- netlike
4. monocots- flowers in 3s
dicots- flowers in 4s or 5s
5. monocots- fibrous roots
dicots- taproots

Front 7

What helps prevent water loss in plants- support plants living on land and not in water (8)

Back 7

1. cell walls- shape
2. roots and root hairs for water absorption
3. stomatal crypts
4. cutin- waxy coat
5. gametangia
6. sporopollenin
7. c-4 and CAM plants
8. seeds and pollen-protective coat

Front 8

meristems

Back 8

embryonic tissues that continually divide and generate new cells- the pattern of growth depends on the location of the meristem

Front 9

primary growth

Back 9

the elongation of the plant down into the soil and up into the air

Front 10

apical meristem

Back 10

located at the tips of the roots and in the buds of shoots- provides primary grwoth

Front 11

3 zones of primary growth

Back 11

1. zone of cell division- apical meristem
2. zone of elongation
3. zone of differentiation

Front 12

root cap

Back 12

protects the root by descreting a substance that helps digest the earth as the root tip grows through the soil

Front 13

zone of cell division

Back 13

-meristem cells
-actively divide and are responsible for producing new cells that grow into the soil

Front 14

zone of elongation

Back 14

cells elongate and ppush root cap downward deeper into the soil

Front 15

zone of differentiation

Back 15

cells undergo specialization into 3 tissue systems of a plant

Front 16

secondary growth

Back 16

provided by lateral meristem
-increase in girth
-responsible for gradual thinkening of roots and shoots in woody plants

Front 17

3 types of plant tissue

Back 17

1. dermal tissue
2. vascular tissue
3. ground tissue

Front 18

dermal tissue

Back 18

-covers and protects the plant
-includes endodermis, epidermis, and modified cells like guard cells, root hairs, and cell that produce a waxy cuticle

Front 19

vascular tissue

Back 19

-xylem and phloem
-transport water and nutrients around the plant

Front 20

xylem

Back 20

water and mineral conducting tissue
-consist of tracheids and vessel elements

Front 21

tracheids

Back 21

long thin cells that overlap and are tapered at the ends
-water passes from one cell to another through pits, areas with no secondary wall
-supports cell

Front 22

vessel elements

Back 22

galigned end to end- ends are perforated to allow free flow through the vessel

Front 23

which plants have which

Back 23

-seedless vascularplants and most gymnosperms have only tracheids
-most angiosperms have both tracheids and vessel members

Front 24

phloem

Back 24

carry sugars from photosynthetic leaves to the rest of the plant by active transport
-sieve tubes and sieve plates- conduct fluid

Front 25

ground tissue

Back 25

-most common, functions mainly in support

Front 26

3 types of ground tissue

Back 26

1. parenchyma
2. schlerenchma
3. collenchyma

Front 27

parenchymmal cells

Back 27

-look like traditional plant cells
-ccontain plastids and store starch
-give support and shape to the plant
-can divide and differentiate esp. when a plant is injured

Front 28

collenchymal cells

Back 28

-thick primary cell walls
-support the growing stem

Front 29

schlerenchymal cells

Back 29

-thick primary and secondaary walls
-support the plant
2 types: fibers and sclereids

Front 30

function of roots

Back 30

to absorb nutrients from the soil, anchor teh plant, and store food

Front 31

parts of the root

Back 31

epidermis, root hairs, cortex, stele/vascular cylinder, endoderm/endodermis

Front 32

epidermis

Back 32

covers the surface of the root and is modified for absorption
-have root hairs to increase surface area for more absportion

Front 33

cortex

Back 33

consists of parenchymal cells that contain plastids to store starch and other organic materials

Front 34

stele/vascular cylinder

Back 34

consists of vascular tissues (xylem and phloem( surrounded by tissue called pericyle

Front 35

endoderm

Back 35

tightly packed layer of cells that surrounds the vascular cylinder
-selects what minerals enter the vascular cylinder and the body of the plant

Front 36

taproot

Back 36

single large root that gives rise to lateral branch roots
-primary root in dicots

Front 37

fibrous root system

Back 37

-common in monocots
-holds a plant firmly in place

Front 38

adventitious roots

Back 38

roots that rise above the round

Front 39

aerial roots

Back 39

stick up out of water and serve to aerate the root cells

Front 40

prop roots

Back 40

in tall plants- grow above ground and help support the plant

Front 41

vascular bundles

Back 41

strands where vascular tissue in stems are
-zylem faces outward, phloem faces inward, and meristem tissue in between
-SCATTERED in monocots, RING in dicots

Front 42

ground tissue of the stem

Back 42

consists of cortex and pith, parenchymal tissues for modified storage

Front 43

apical meristem in stems

Back 43

located at tips of shoots and roots, supply cells for the plant to grow in length