Ap Bio Plant Structures/functions

Front 1

function of roots

Back 1

anchor plant, actively abosrb minerals, abosrb water, store organic nutrients (starch)

Front 2

tap root

Back 2

one main root w/ lateral roots coming off of main root, good for STORAGE OF ORGANIC NUTRIENTS, ex. carrots and turnips

Front 3

fibrous roots

Back 3

lots of small roots, no main root, large surface area GOOD FOR ABSORBING H20 AND NUTRIENTS, clings to soil well to prevent erosion, ex. grass

Front 4

adventitious roots

Back 4

roots that grow out of plant parts above ground, allows plant to reestablish iteslf even after the stem has been cut off, gives support, ex. corn, banyan trees

Front 5

root hairs

Back 5

located just after root tip, tiny projections that increase surface area of root, where most of osmosis and active mineral absorbtion takes place

Front 6

where photosynthesis takes place

Back 6

palisade mesophyll cells b/c they are closest to the top!

Front 7

dermal tissue of plant

Back 7

outer covering of plant, includes epidermis, cuticle and guard cells

Front 8

vascular tissue of plant

Back 8

all transport systems (xylem and phloem)

Front 9

ground tissue

Back 9

everything else in a plant (not xylem/phloem, or outer covering of plant)

Front 10

choloroplast

Back 10

site of photosynthesis

Front 11

mitochondria

Back 11

site of cell respiration

Front 12

tonoplast

Back 12

for water storage

Front 13

leucoplast

Back 13

for starch storage

Front 14

parenchyma plant cells

Back 14

thin walls, most abundant in young plants, usually photosynthetic cells, if not photosynthetic then parenchyma cells are used for starch/lipid storage

Front 15

collenchyma plant cells

Back 15

supporting cells for living plants, thicker walls, flexible and elongated (allow plant to sway in wind, yet are durable too)

Front 16

sclerenchyma plant cells

Back 16

supporting cells when they are dead, have very thickened walls (like the cells in tree bark, make up xylem)

Front 17

water-conducting cells make up the ______

Back 17

xylem

Front 18

sugar-conducting cells make up the _____

Back 18

phloem

Front 19

primary grow is growth in ____

Back 19

length

Front 20

secondary growth is growth in ____

Back 20

width

Front 21

zone of CELL DIVISION of root growth

Back 21

lots of mitosis occurs, contains the newest cells (newly divided)

Front 22

zone of ELONGATION of root growth

Back 22

cells get longer and push the root tip into the soil, cells begin to develop their specific functions

Front 23

zone of MATURATION of root growth

Back 23

cells become fully specialize, considered mature cells

Front 24

function of root cap

Back 24

to protect the apical meristem as the root pushes through the soil (like a helmet for root cells)

Front 25

PRIMARY growth of plant stems

Back 25

occurs at the shoot apical meristems (which are located at the tips of buds), plants grow from the top, not the bottom of the stem

Front 26

SECONDARY growth of plant stems

Back 26

growth in width of stems and roots, degree of growth varies among diff. plants ---> FORMATION OF BARK

Front 27

vascular cambium

Back 27

divides into the secondary xylem and phloem, as it divides it pushes older cells away

Front 28

secondary xylem

Back 28

grows on side closes to CENTER of stem/root

Front 29

secondary phloem

Back 29

grows on side closer to OUTSIDE of stem/root

Front 30

cork cambium

Back 30

the secondary phloem on the outside of the stem, grows into cork which protects the plant from water loss, physical damage and harmful substances

Front 31

what is the oldest part of the tree?

Back 31

the center, the secondary phloem has been pushed into bark and flakes off, leaving the secondary xylem that has been pushed all the way in

Front 32

heartwood

Back 32

older secondary xylem, when it gets clogged it stops conducting water which makes it darker in color

Front 33

sapwood

Back 33

newer secondary xylem, still actively conducts water and minerals, clear paths make it lighter in color

Front 34

what forms the rings of a tree?

Back 34

spring: most water available, transport cells are big and have thin walls

summer: less water available, water transport cells have thicker darker walls

Front 35

what makes up the wood of a tree?

Back 35

secondary xylem

Front 36

the more solutes in a solution, the more ______ the water potential

Back 36

negative

Front 37

how water is absorbed by roots

Back 37

osmosis

Front 38

how water moves according to water potential

Back 38

water moves from higher potential (less solutes) to lower potential (more solutes) or LESS NEGATIVE TO MORE NEGATIVE

Front 39

apoplast pathway

Back 39

water travels between cells (outside of them)

Front 40

symplast pathway

Back 40

water travels through cells (inside of them to get from cell to cell)

Front 41

how water moves in roots

Back 41

water freely diffuses up to a point the root. in order to get to the vascular tissue (located in stele), the water and ions must go through the symplast pathway

Front 42

casparian strip

Back 42

blocks water from crossing the endodermis through apoplast pathway (forces water to go through symplast), controls what enters vascular tissue, prevents water/solutes from leaking into the soil

Front 43

structure that transports water in a plant

Back 43

the xylem

Front 44

cells that make up the xylem

Back 44

tracheids (in all plants) and vessel elements (in some plants)

Front 45

how xylem is formed

Back 45

1. cell dies
2. cell contents disintegrate
3. water can move through hollow tube w/ little resistance

Front 46

capillary action

Back 46

movement of water up a very narrow tube, ACCOUNTS FOR LITTLE MOVEMENT

Front 47

what is responsible for most of water movement in xylem

Back 47

transpiration pull :)

Front 48

how transpiration pull works

Back 48

as water evaporates from the stomata (transpiration), water fro the xylem moves into the leaf to take its place, b/c h bonds between water molecules, water is pulled up the xylem

Front 49

what creates tension in transpiration pull

Back 49

when water evaporates from the stomata in the leaf, a negative water potential is created, causing tension

Front 50

function of stoma

Back 50

to allow gas exchange w/ outside environment (co2 and o2)

Front 51

how guard cells open

Back 51

when there is enough water, the guard cells fill w/ h20 and plump, opening a hole

Front 52

why guard cells close

Back 52

when guard cells don't have much water, they come limp and don't pull away from each other, closing the stoma

Front 53

role of potassium on opening of stoma

Back 53

k in: h20 follows by osmosis, stoma open

k out: h20 leaves by osmosis, stoma close

Front 54

favorable conditions for stomatal opening

Back 54

lots of water, moderate temperatures

Front 55

how abscissic acid acts on guard cells

Back 55

it "stresses" them out and forces them to close their stomata

Front 56

what sugar produced in photosynthesis is transported to other cels and then used for

Back 56

cell respiration, storage

Front 57

two types of cells that make up phloem

Back 57

sieve tube elements, companion cells

Front 58

because sieve tube elements are hollow, the need _____ to sustain them

Back 58

companion cells

Front 59

translocation

Back 59

transport in the phloem

Front 60

phloem transports substances from _____ to _____

Back 60

sources to sinks

Front 61

source

Back 61

where sugar is produced/broken down

Front 62

sink

Back 62

where sugar is used/stored

Front 63

how pressure flow works

Back 63

since the phloem contains a water/sugar mixture, the sugar is actively transported into sieve tube elements from the source tube, and water follows the sugar b/c of osmosis

Front 64

how pressure flow works near sink cell

Back 64

sugars are actively transported into the sink cell from the phloem, making a lower pressure region, b.c of lower conc. in phloem, water flows back into the xylem

Front 65

solution in phloem flows from _____ pressure to _____ pressure

Back 65

HIGH (near source) to LOW

Front 66

why will translocation stop if the phloem cells are killed

Back 66

since translocation uses active transport, and active transport requires living cells, translocation will stop w/ dead phloem cellsc

Front 67

can translocation occur up or down?

Back 67

GOES UP AND DOWN the stems/petioles!!!

Front 68

the common ancestor of all plants

Back 68

green algae

Front 69

is algae a plant

Back 69

NO! although it has many characteristics in common w/ plants, it is a multicellular protist

Front 70

advantages of being a water plant

Back 70

immediate access to water, support from surrounding water, water will transport gametes

Front 71

advantages of being a land plant

Back 71

high concentrations of co2 in air (compared to water), more access to sunlight, initially less competition for resources/fewer predators

Front 72

non vascular plants

Back 72

have no xylem or phloem, smaller in size, grow in dense mats, have rhizoids that anchor plant to ground
ex. mosses, liverworts, hornworts

Front 73

vascular plants

Back 73

have xylem and phloem that transport water/minerals, grow taller, further divided into seed/nonseed plants

ex. ferns, conifers, flowering plants

Front 74

why nonvascular plants can't be very tall

Back 74

w/out xylem and phloem, water/nutrient transport in inefficient, plant can't grow as high b/c it can't get the water up

Front 75

vascular, non seed plants

Back 75

have a xylem/phloem, don't have seeds to protect plant embryo

Front 76

gymnosperm vascular seed plants

Back 76

seed is not protected by fruit, has cones

Front 77

angiosperm vascular seed plant

Back 77

flowering plants, seed is protected by fruit, has flowers

Front 78

two forms of alternation generations

Back 78

sporophyte and gametophyte

Front 79

sporophyte (2n)

Back 79

diploid, multi cellular form of plant, forms HAPLOID spores through MEIOSIS

Front 80

gametophyte (n)

Back 80

haploid, multicellular form of plant, forms GAMETES through MITOSIS

Front 81

dominant form of bryophyte (moss) life cylce

Back 81

gametophyte

Front 82

how mosses (bryophytes) are anchored to the ground

Back 82

by rhizoids that absorb water

Front 83

how mosses reproduce

Back 83

they need water for reproduction, sperm will swim to egg followee by a trail of chemicals

Front 84

archegonium

Back 84

female sex organ, produces egg

Front 85

脊椎骨

Back 85

jǐ zhuī gǔ - spine

Hint 85

病人的脊椎骨已经变形。
The patient has a deformed spine.
Bìngrén de jǐzhuīgǔ yǐjing biànxíng。

Front 86

in bryophytes, sperm and egg are produced from _____ through ______

Back 86

from gametophyte, THROUGH MITOSIS

Front 87

sporphylls

Back 87

in vascular plants, have modified leaves that produce sporangia (which become spores)

Front 88

homosporous pants

Back 88

makes ONE KIND OF SPORE, typicaly bisexual and makes both egg and sperm

Front 89

heterosporous

Back 89

two distinct spores made that produce egg and sperm, consists of both angio and gymnosperms and a few seedless plants

Front 90

pterophyte (fern) lifestyle

Back 90

dominant form is SPOROPHYTE, water necessary for production, gametophyte is a tiny plant anchored by rizhoids

Front 91

sori

Back 91

clusters of sporangia on underside of fern leaves, fern is homosporous

Front 92

larger gametophyte, sporophyte is ____

Back 92

dependent on gametophyte

Front 93

larger sporophyte, gametophyte is _____

Back 93

independent or dependent of sporophyte

Front 94

gymnosperm life cylcle

Back 94

dominant form is SPOROPHYTE, heterosporous w/ naked seeds

Front 95

male gymnosperm cones

Back 95

contain pollen

Front 96

in gymnosperms, cells on ovulate will form the ______

Back 96

megasporangium (which then forms the female gametophyte)

Front 97

in gymnosperms, cells on the pollen cone will form _______

Back 97

microsporangium (which then forms male gametophyte)

Front 98

micropyle

Back 98

opening in gymnosperm that pollen (sperm) enters through

Front 99

in gymnosperms, while pollen tube is extended, sperm and egg are produced through _____, megaspore is produced through______

Back 99

sperm and egg through MITOSIS, megaspore through MEIOSIS

Front 100

female parts of the angiosperm flower (CARPEL)

Back 100

stigma, style, ovary

Front 101

male parts of the angiosperm flower (STAMEN)

Back 101

anther and filament

Front 102

life cycle of angiosperms

Back 102

dominant form is sporophyte, angiosperms are heterosporous

Front 103

angiosperm male gametophyte

Back 103

pollen grain

Front 104

angiosperm female gametophyte

Back 104

embryo sac

Front 105

female GAMETOPHYTE development

Back 105

megaspores goes through MITOSIS to create diff. cells in the female gametophyte

Front 106

two cells involved in angiosperm fertilization

Back 106

egg (n-haploid), polar nuclei (2n-2 nuclei in one cell)

Front 107

double fertizliations of angiosperms

Back 107

1. one sperm fertilizes the egg (making diploid zygote)
2. one sperm fertilizes the polar nuclei (forms triploid endosperm)

Front 108

function of endosperm

Back 108

starchy material that serves as nutrition for growing embryo

Front 109

benefit of double fertilization

Back 109

efficiently uses resources (b/c endosperm can only develop in fertilized ovule)

Front 110

after egg is fertilized, the 1,2, 3 happens

Back 110

1. embryo develops
2. seed coat forms
3. ovary develops into fruit around the seed

Front 111

how germination starts

Back 111

seed remains dormant until conditions are right, imbibition cuases it to begin

Front 112

imbibition

Back 112

when water enters the seed and triggers enzymes that are needed for growth

Front 113

eudicot flower characteristics

Back 113

two cotyledons, netlike veins, vascular tissue arranged in a ring, taproot present, pollen grain w/ three openings, floral organs in multiples of FOUR OR FIVE

Front 114

monocot flower charatetistics

Back 114

one cotyledon, parallel veins, scatter vascular tissue, fibrous roots (no main root), pollen grain w/ one opening, floral organs in multiples of three

Front 115

how germination starts

Back 115

seed remains dormant until conditions are right, imbibition cuases it to begin

Front 116

imbibition

Back 116

when water enters the seed and triggers enzymes that are needed for growth

Front 117

eudicot flower characteristics

Back 117

two cotyledons, netlike veins, vascular tissue arranged in a ring, taproot present, pollen grain w/ three openings, floral organs in multiples of FOUR OR FIVE

Front 118

monocot flower charatetistics

Back 118

one cotyledon, parallel veins, scatter vascular tissue, fibrous roots (no main root), pollen grain w/ one opening, floral organs in multiples of three