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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Opposite ends of the molecule have opposite charges
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Polar molecule
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Opposite charges
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Collectively, hydrogen bonds hold the substance together - contributes to the transport of water against gravity in plants - capillary action - surface tension very high in water - H-Bonds between molecules on surface and below - lets life live on the surface
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Cohesion
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Hold substance together
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Clinging of one substance to another
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Adhesion
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Clinging
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Measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid due to hydrogen bonds
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Surface tension
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Difficulty to stretch or break
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Energy of motion
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Kinetic energy
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Motion
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Measure of the total quantity of kinetic energy due to molecular motion in a body of matter
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Heat
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Total quantity of kinetic energy
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Measures the intensity of heat due to the average kinetic energy of the molecules
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Temperature
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Average kinetic energy of the molecules
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Indicates temperature
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Celsius scale
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Indication
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The amount of heat energy it takes to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1 degree Celsius - also the amount of heat htat 1g of water releases when it cools by 1 degree Celsius
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Calorie (cal)
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Amount of energy
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1,000 cal; the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water by 1 degree Celsius
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Kilocalorie (kcal)
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1,000 cal
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0.239 cal; Calorie = 4.184 J
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Joule (J)
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The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of that substance to change its temperature by 1 degree Celsius - Water: 1 cal/g/Degree Celsius
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Specific Heat
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The quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1g of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state - heat is carried away with the water vapor
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Heat of vaporization
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Surface of the liquid that remains behind gets cooled down, because the "hottest" molecules are more likely to leave as gas - sweating and transpiration
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Evaporative cooling
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A liquid that is a completely homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
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Solution
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Dissolving agent of a solution
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Solvent
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Substance that is dissolved
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Solute
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Water is the solvent
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Aquaeous solution
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Sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion
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Hydration shell
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Whether ionic or polar, any substance that has an affinity for water - substance doesn't have to dissolve
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Hydrophilic
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Substances that are non-ionic and nonpolar seem to repel water
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Hydrophobic
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The sum of the weights of all the atoms in a molecule
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Molecular weight
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The number of moles of solue per liter of solution - most used for aqueous solutions
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Molarity
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A hydrogen atom leaves its electron behind, a single proton with a charge of +1
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Hydrogen ion
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The molecule that has lost a proton with a charge of -1
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Hydroxide ion
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Solutes that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution
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Acid
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Substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution or increase hydroxide
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Base
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The negative logarithm (base 10) of the hydrogen ion concentration - 10 fold difference between numbers
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pH
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Substances that minimize changes in concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution - accepts hydrogen ions from the solution when they are in excess and donating hydrogen ions to the solution when they have been depleted
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Buffers
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Rain, snow, or fog that is more acidic than pH 5.6 - presence in the atmosphere or sulfur and nitrogen oxides
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Acid precipitation
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