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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Anything that takes up space and has mass.
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Matter
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Takes up space
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A substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions - each have a symbol
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Element
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Cannot be broken down
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A substance consisting of two or more elements combined in a fixed ratio - has characteristics beyond those of its combined elements - emergence of novel properties
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Compund
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Two or more elements combined
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Those required by an organism in only minute quantities - ex. Iron (FE) - some needed for all life; some needed for certain species
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Trace Elements
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Required in minute quantities
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Smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element
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Atom
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Smallest unit of matter
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A particle having no electrical charge found in the nucleus of an atom
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Neutron
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No electrical charge
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A subatomic particle with a single positive electrical charge, found in the nucleus of an atom
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Proton
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Positive charge
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A subatomic particle witha single negative charge; one or more may move around the nucleus of an atom
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Electron
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Negative charge
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An atom's central core, containing protons and neutrons
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Atomic Nucleus
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Atom's central core
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Atomic mass unit - Neutrons and protons have 1 amu
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Dalton
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Atomic mass unit
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Tells us the number of protons and electrons in an eletrically neutral atom.
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Atomic Number
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Number of protons and electrons
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Sum of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
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Mass number
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Protons plus neutrons
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Approximation of the total mass of an atom
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Atomic Weight
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Total mass of an atom
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One of several atomic forms of an element, each containing a different number of neutrons and thus differing in atomic mass.
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Isotopes
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Different number of neutrons
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The nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy; when changing the number of protons, it transforms the atom to a different element
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Radioactive Isotope
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Decaying nucleus
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The ability to do work
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Energy
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Ability
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Energy that matter stores because of its position or location
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Potential Energy
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Stored energy
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Different states of potential energy that electrons have in an atom
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Energy levels (electron shells)
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Different states
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Electrons in the outermost electron shell; atom's reactivity is dependent on this
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Valence electrons
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In outermost electron shell
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Outermost electron shell
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Valence shell
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Outermost
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Three-dimensional space where an electron is found 90% of the time - specific number of orbitals of specific shapes - no more than 2 electrons can occupy the same one
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Orbial
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3-D space
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Attractions that let atoms stay close together
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Chemical bonds
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Attractions
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The sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms - strongs bonds in aqueous solution - # of pairs = strength of bond
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Covalent bond
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Strongest bonds
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Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
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Molecule
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Held by covalent bonds
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A type of molecular notation in which the constituent atoms are joined by lines representing of their atoms
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Structural formula
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Joined by lines representing of their atoms
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A type of molecular notation indicating only the quantity of the constituent atoms
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Molecular formula
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Quantity of constituent atoms
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Two joined covalent bonds
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Double covalent bond
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Two covalent bonds
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The bonding capacity - equals the number of unpaired electrons in the atom's outermost shell
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Valence
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Bonding capacity
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The attraction of an atom for the electrons of a covalent bond - the more it is, the more strongly it pulls shared electrons toward itself
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Electronegativity
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Attraction
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Electrons are shared equally
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Nonpolar covalent bond
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Shared equally
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One atom is bonded to a more electronegative atom, the electrons of the bond will not be shared equall, creates partial charges within the molecule
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Polar covalent bond
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Electrons share unequally
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Weak in aqueous solution - creates ions of opposite charge, salts
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Ionic bonds
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Ions of opposite charge
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Charged atom or molecule
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Ion
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Charged
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Positively charged atom or molecule
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Cation
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+ charged
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Negatively charged atom or molecule
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Anion
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- charged
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Compounds formed by ionic bonds
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Ionic compounds (salts)
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Formed by ionic bonds
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Forms when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom - helps hold DNA strands together
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Hydrogen bonds
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Weak chemical bonds
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Weak and occur only when atoms and molecules are very close together - ever-changing "hot spots" of positive and negative charge that enable all atoms and molecules to stick to one another
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Van der Walls Interactions
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Enables all atoms and molecules to stick to one another
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Starting materials of a chemical reaction - only rearrange matter
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Reactants
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Starting materials
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Result of the reactants of a chemical reaction - the same number of atoms on both sides (Law of Conservation of Matter)
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Products
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Result
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6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6O2
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Photosynthesis
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The point at which the reactions offset one another exactly - their concentrations have stabilized, reactions are still going on; Rate of forward reaction = Rate of reverse
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Chemical equilibrium
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Concentration of reactants and products is fixed, but not necessarily the same
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