Ap Bio Midterm - Chapter 12

Front 1

A cell's endowment of DNA - genetic information - passed to each daughter cell

Back 1

Genome

Front 2

46 chromosomes in human

Back 2

Somatic cells

Front 3

23 chromosomes in humans - same genes; homologus

Back 3

Gametes

Front 4

DNA molecules packaged

Back 4

Chromosomes

Front 5

DNA-protein comles; after a cell duplicates its DNA in preparation for division, it condenses - densely coiled

Back 5

Chromatin

Front 6

Each duplicated chromosome has two of these

Back 6

Sister chromatids

Front 7

Chromosome's narrow "waist" in condensed form

Back 7

Centromere

Front 8

The division of the nucleus usually followed immediately by cytokenesis - copies of sister chromatids pulled apart

Back 8

Mitosis

Front 9

The division of the cytoplasm

Back 9

Cytokenesis

Front 10

Yields daughter cells that have half as many chromosomes as the parent cell; occurs only in gonads

Back 10

Meiosis

Front 11

Includes both mitosis and cytokenesis; shortest part of the cell cycle

Back 11

Miotic (M) phase

Front 12

90% of the cycle; the cell grows and copies its chromosomes in preparation for cell division

Back 12

Interphase

Front 13

Amitotic stop at G1 phase; will go and divide

Back 13

Go phase

Front 14

First gap; makes proteins needed and grows

Back 14

G1 phase

Front 15

Chromosomes are duplicated here only

Back 15

S phase

Front 16

Second gap; grows more

Back 16

G2 phase

Front 17

Forms in the cytoplasm during prophase; consists of fibers of microtubules and associated proteins

Back 17

Mitotic spindle

Front 18

The assembly of spindle microtubules start here; nonmembrane organelle that functions throughout the cell cycle to organize the cell's microtubules

Back 18

Centrosome

Front 19

Structure of proteins and specific sectoins of chromosomal DNA at the centromere

Back 19

Kinetochore

Front 20

Triggers breakdown of cyclin and inactivates proteins holding sister chromatids together

Back 20

APC

Front 21

An imaginary plane during metaphase in which centromeres of all duplicated chromosomes are located midway between the two poles

Back 21

Metaphase plate

Front 22

In animal cells, cytokenesis occurs by this

Back 22

Cleavage furrow

Front 23

"Division of half"; prokaryotes reproduce by this type of cell division; most bacterial cells carried on a single bacterial chromosome that consists of a circular DNA molecule and associated proteins

Back 23

Binary Fission

Front 24

Cyclically operating set of molecules in the cell that both triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle

Back 24

Cell Cycle Control System

Front 25

A critical control point where stop and go ahead signals can regulate the cycle; 3 found in G1, G2, and M phases

Back 25

Checkpoint

Front 26

Activate or inactivate by phosphorylating proteins (they are enzymes) - concentration constant - usually in inactive form

Back 26

Protein kinases

Front 27

Give go-ahead signals at the G1 and G2 checkpoints

Back 27

Particular kinases

Front 28

Kinase must attatch to this to be active; protein that cyclically fluctuating concentration in the cell; these kinases are called cyclin-dependent kinases (CdKs)

Back 28

Cyclin

Front 29

Activity correspond to the peaks of cyclin concentration; "maturation-promoting factor"; triggers the cell passage past the G2 checkpoint to the M phase

Back 29

MPF

Front 30

Protein released by certain body cell

Back 30

Growth factor

Front 31

Crowded cells stop dividing

Back 31

Density-dependent inhibition

Front 32

Animal cells must be attracted to a substratum; signaled to the cell cycle control system via pathways involving plasma membrane proteins and elements of the cytoskeleton linked to them - ECM; checks growth of cells

Back 32

Anchorage dependence

Front 33

Tumor returns to original site; don't cause serious problems and can be completely removed

Back 33

Benign tumor

Front 34

Becomes invasive enough to impair the functoin of normal organs

Back 34

Malignant tumor