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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Vescicles from the smooth ER are on their way to the what?
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The Golgi Apparatus
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(think of it as transporter)
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What is the best evidence that shows how Mitchondria are descendents of endosymbiotic bacteria?
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The mitochondria and bacteria possess similar ribosomes & DNA.
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(semiautomous)
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When would enzyme production cease?
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when the ribosomes in a cell cease to function.
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Which Junction allows nieghboring cells in an animal to communicate with one another?
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Gap Junctions
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Intracellular junctions between plant cells are called ___________.
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Plasmodesmata
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What is pinocytosis an example of?
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Endocytosis
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Eukaryotic cells are larger than backetia. How can E. Cell's membranes provide higher rate of exchange of material?
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-carrier protiens speed the rate of solutes across the plasma membrane
-mitochondria are concentrated near membranes to provede energy for active transport. -large moleculesa are engulfed by vesicle formation. |
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Which kind of molecule moves readily though a selectiviley permeable membrane?
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small uncharged polar molecules
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What kind of pathways do cellualr respiration and ferementation provide?
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catabolic pathways and energy yeilding pathways
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Redox reactions are important for both respiration and photosynthesis because?
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they arelease energy as electrons move closer to electronegative atoms
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What process leads to the net production of 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH?
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Glycolysis
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Which tranformation of cellular enery evolved first?
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glycolysis
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Fermentation and glycolysis are ________ processes.
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anareobic processes
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Which things are capable of phtosynthesis?
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plants, algea, and some bacteria.
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How does cytokenesis in plant cells differ this process in animal cells?
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The golgi appartus produces vesicles that migrate along the microtubles and fuse to become a cell plate.
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Distinguish between magnification and resolving power.
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magnification- in microscopy is the ratio of an object's image size to its real size.
Resolution- is a measure of the calrity of the image; the min. distance two points can be seperated and still be distinguished as two points. |
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Decribe the principles,advantages, and limitations of the light microscope, transmission electron microscope,and scanning electron microscope.
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light microscopes can magnify effectively to about 1,000 times the actaul size of the speciman- but it will be blurry.
(TEM)- studies the internal ultrastructure of cells, uses electromagnets as lenses. (sem) is useful to see the detailed study of the surface of a speciman. topography. 3D |
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Describe the major steps of cell fractionation and explain why it is a useful technique.
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the goal of cell fractionation is to take cells apart and seperate the major organells from one another.- uses a centrifuge, it sepeartes by size and density
-this helps helps scientists prepare specific components of cells in bulk quanitity to study their composition and functions. |
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Explain why there are both upper and lower limits to cell size.
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lower limit - cell must have at least room for DNA, proteins and internal structures to survive and
repoduce. upper limit- enough surface area to obtain nutrients and dispose of wastes. |
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Explain the advantages of compartmentalization in eukaryotic cells.
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Internal membranes compartmentalize the functions of eukaryotic cell
-Provide localized environmental conditions necessary for specific metabolic processes. - May participate in metabolic reactions since many enzymes are incorporated directly into the membrane |
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Explain how the nucleolus contributes to protien synthesis.
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consists of nucleolar organizers and ribosomes in various stages of production.
-Can produce up to 10,000 ribosomes per minute in an actively growing cell. |
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How does the nucleus control protien synthesis in the cytoplasm?
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Messenger RNA (mRNA) transcribed in the nucleus from DNA instructions. -------> Passes through nuclear pores into cytoplasm. -------> Attaches to ribosomes where the genetic message is translated into primary protein structure
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Describe the structure anad function of a eukaryotic ribosome.
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smallest organelle.functions in protien synthesis. thye build them.
-composed of rRNA, and large and small subunits. |
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Distinguish between free and bound ribosomes in terms of location and function.
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Bound and free ribosomes are structurally identical and interchangeable.
Free ribosomes = Ribosomes suspended in the cytosol. ¥ Most proteins made by free ribosomes will function in the cytosol. Bound ribosomes = Ribosomes attached to the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum. ¥ Generally make proteins that are destined for membrane inclusion or export. |
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what is thr structure of the nuclear envelope?
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-double membrane system. 2 lipid bilayers.
surrounds chromatin/nucleoplasm. -Pores allow exchange. |
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Describe the structure and functions of each component of the endomembrane system.
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The endomembrane system includes:
¥ Nuclear envelope. ¥ Endoplasmic reticulum. ¥ Golgi apparatus-0rganelle made of stacked, flattened membranous sacs (cisternae), that modifies, stores and routes products of the endoplasmic reticulum ¥ Lysosomes-An organelle which is a membrane-enclosed bag of hydrolytic enzymes that digest all major classes of macromolecules. ¥ Vacuoles. ¥ Plasma membrane (not actually an endomembrane, but related to endomembrane system) *all organelles in which lipids are assmebled and protiends are produced and modified. |
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Name three different kinds of vacuoles, giving the function of each kind.
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Food vacuole = Vacuole formed by phagocytosis which is the site of intracellular digestion in some protozoa and macrophages.
Contractile vacuole = Vacuole, found in some fresh-water protozoa, that pumps excess water from the cell. Central vacuole = Large vacuole found in most mature plant cells. it protects, store organic compounds. absorbs water->plant growth |
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Compare the structure and functions of smooth and rough ER.
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Rough ER manufactures secretory proteins and membrane.
smooth ER lacks ribosomes: a. synthesizes lipids, phosolipids and steroids. b. participates in carbohydrate metabolism, c.detoxifies drugs and poisons. d. Stores calcium ions necessary for muscle contraction. |
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Describe the -cis and -Trans sides of the golgi apparatus.
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¥ Two poles are called the cis face (forming face) and the trans face (maturing face).
¥ Cis face, which is closely associated with transitional ER, receives products by accepting transport vesicles from the ER. A vesicle fuses its membrane to the cis face of the Golgi and empties its soluble contents into the Golgi's cisternal space. ¥ Trans face pinches off vesicles from the Golgi and transports molecules to other sites. |
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Describe the energy conversion carried out by mitochondria and chloroplasts.
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mitochondria uses energy from organic molecules to produce ATP. C6H1206+602 --> 6CO2+ 6H20 + energy
chrolorplast, "photosynthesis" 6CO2 + 6H2O ---> C6H1206+602 + energy |
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Describe evidence that mitochondria and chloroplasts are semiautomous organelles.
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both contaim ribosomes and some DNA that programs a small portion of their own protien synthesis.
-they are semiautonomous organelles b/c grow and redroduce within the cell. |
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Explain the roles of peroxisomes in eukaryotic cells.
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they contain enzymes that break down H2O2 formed during metabolism of alcohols.
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Identify 3 functional compartments of a chloroplast. Explain the importance of compartmentalization in chloroplast function.
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1. Intermembrane Space.
The chloroplast Intermembrane space is bound by a double membrane which partitions its contents from the cytosol. A narrow intermembrane space separates the two membranes. 2.Thylakoid Space. Thylakoids form another membranous system within the chloroplast. The thylakoid membrane segregates the interior of the chloroplast into two compartments: thylakoid space and stroma. 3. Stroma. Those steps that use chemical energy to convert carbon dioxide to sugar occur in the stroma. Stroma = Viscous fluid outside the thylakoids. Compartmentalization? |
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Describe structure of the mitochondrion. and explain importance of compartmentalization?
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Double membrane system.
there are two distinct departments. 1.Intermembrane Space ¥ Narrow region between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes. ¥ Reflects the solute composition of the cytosol, because the outer membrane is permeable to small solute molecules. 2.Mitochondrial Matrix ¥ Compartment enclosed by the inner mitochondrial membrane. ¥ Contains enzymes that catalyze many metabolic steps of cellular respiration. ¥ Some enzymes of respiration and ATP production are actually embedded in the inner membrane. |
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What are the functiosn of the cytoskeleton?
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-Protein fibers that support and give shape to a cell, involved in organelle movement throughout cell, chromosome movement during cell division and large cell movements (cell motility and cytokinesis)
-3 Groups of Fibers classified according to size: 1.Mircrotubules (thickest) 2.Intermediated filaments (middle sized) 3.Microfilaments (thinnest) |
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