Ap Bio Chapter 8.1

Front 1

Life Cycle

Back 1

-Sequence of life stages leading from the adults of one gerneration to the adults of the next.
-Development, Reproduction,

Front 2

Reproduction

Back 2

-Formation of new individuals from pre-existing ones

Front 3

Sexual Reproduction

Back 3

-Reproductive process that involves the union of sperm and an egg
-Two parents
-Each offspring with own unique combination of genes

Front 4

Asexual Reproduction

Back 4

-Production of offspring by a single parent, no sperm or egg.
-One parent
-Offspring are always identical

Front 5

Cell Division

Back 5

-For growth/development and reproduction
-AKA Cellular Reproduction
-Ensures the continuity of life
-Used for reproduction, growth, and repair.
-Chromatin curl up during, forming distinct chromosomes

Front 6

Chromosomes

Back 6

-When chromatin is condensed for divison
-Structures that contain most of the organisms DNA
-Easy to see when cell is dividing, when it is an individual strand

Front 7

Cells

Back 7

-All cells come from pre-existing cells.

Front 8

Prokaryotes

Back 8

-Divide by Binary Fission
-Genes carried on a circular DNA molecule; single chromosome
-Less Complicated
-ASEXUAL

Front 9

Binary Fission

Back 9

-Means "Dividing in Half"
-DNA duplicates, but stays attached to plasma membrane
-Cell seperates, with DNA still attached to membrane, but in two seperate locations
-Cell fully seperates, two identical daught cells
-ASEXUAL

Front 10

Eukaryotes

Back 10

-Complex
-Almost all genes found in nucleus, grouped in chromosomes
-Before divides, it duplicates DNA

Front 11

Chromatin

Back 11

-Combination of DNA and protein molecules
-Very long, thin fibers in the nucleus. Hard to see under microscope.
-Chromatin curl up during division, forming distinct chromosomes

Front 12

Human Body

Back 12

-Has 46 Chromosomes, 23 Pairs.

Front 13

Chromatid

Back 13

-When duplicated, each chromosome is made of two Sister Chromatids (X)
-Contains identical genes

Front 14

Centromere

Back 14

-Center that joins to sister chromatids into a chromosome

Front 15

Cell Cycle

Back 15

-from when a cell divides into two daughter cells to when the daugher cells divide.
-Interphase + Mitosis + Cytokinesis

Front 16

Interphase

Back 16

-Most cell cycle spent in this stage, 90%
-Cell's metabolic activity is high
-Includes G1, S, and G2.

Front 17

G1 Phase

Back 17

-G stands for Gap.
-Gap between cell division and DNA Synthesis.
-Cell increases supply of proteins, organelles, and size.
-In Interphase

Front 18

S Phase

Back 18

-When DNA Synthesis(replication) occurs
-Each chromosome is single
-At end, there are two sister chromatids
-In Interphase

Front 19

G2 Phase

Back 19

-Time of metabolic activity
-Proteins are synthesized that are essential to cell division
-In interphase

Front 20

Mitosis

Back 20

-Nucleus and contents divide and are evenly distributed to form two daught nuclei.

Front 21

Cytokinesis

Back 21

-Starts before Mitosis ends.
-Cytoplasm divides in two.
-Occurs along with telophase
-Involves a clevage furrow
-Pinches the cell in two.

Front 22

Mitotic Phase

Back 22

-Mitosis + Cytokinesis
-M Phase of the cell cycle

Front 23

Mitotic Spindle

Back 23

-Football shaped structure of microtubules that guide the separation of the two sets of daughter chromosomes

Front 24

Centrosomes

Back 24

-Clouds of cytoplasmic material that in animal cells contain centrioles
-Spindle microtubules emerge from these

Front 25

Prophase

Back 25

-Centrosomes create mitotic spindles that grow and move towards the poles
-Chromatin condense into chromosomes (duplicated into sister chromatids)
-Nuclear envelope fragments
-Spindles attach to kinetochore.
-Chromosomes moved to center of cell

Front 26

Kinetochore

Back 26

-At the centromere region, each sister chromatid has a protein structure called ___.
-Spindles attach to chromatids here.

Front 27

Metaphase

Back 27

-Chromosomes aline along the 'metaphase plate'.

Front 28

M Check point

Back 28

-When chromosomes are aligned along the metaphase plate and all are attached at kinetochore, it can move on to Anaphase

Front 29

Anaphase

Back 29

-Centromeres come apart and chromosomes are split into chromatids.
-Chromatids are pulled to opposite ends of the cell.
-Spindles attached to chromatids shorten and pull, while spindles unattache and attached to other spindles from opposite side lengthen.

Front 30

Telophase

Back 30

-Reverse of prophase
-Nuclei appear and nuclear envelope begins to form around chromosomes.
-At end, mitotic spindles dissappear.

Front 31

Clevage Furrow

Back 31

-Begins as a shallow groove in the cell surface
-Microfilaments made of actin, contract and deepen the furrow and eventually pinch the parent cell in two.

Front 32

Plant Cytokinesis

Back 32

-Membrane-enclosed vesicles containing cell wall material collect at middle of cell.
-Forms the CELL PLATE.
-Plate grows outward.
-Fuses with plasma membrane and plate joins cell wall.

Front 33

Anchorage Dependence

Back 33

-Cells must be achored either to eachother of the extracellular matrix in order to grow

Front 34

Density-dependent Inhibition

Back 34

-Cells stop dividing when surrounding cell density reaches a maximum
-Rate of cell division decreases as population density increases
-If cells are removed, division begins again
-Mediated by growth factors

Front 35

Growth Factor

Back 35

-Protein secreted by body that stimulates cells to divide

Front 36

Cell-Cycle Control System

Back 36

-Cyclically operating set of proteins in the cell that both triggers and coordinates major events in the cell cycle
-EXAMPLE: Metaphase leads into Anaphase with the go-ahead signal of a protein

Front 37

Check Points

Back 37

-When a signal is received at G1 Checkpoint, it heads into the S Phase.
-A go-ahead signal at the G2 Checkpoint intitates the M phase.
-A go-ahead at the M Checkpoint indicates all chromosomes are properly attached to spindles and prompts seperation of sister chromatids

Front 38

Signal Transduction

Back 38

-Growth factor reaches a receptor protein in plasma membrane, and relays signal to another receptor, then to another, until it reaches the cell-cycle control system

Front 39

Cancer Cells

Back 39

-Do not have a properly functioning cell-cycle control system
-Divide excessively
-Do not need anchorage
-Are not density-dependent
-Can make own growth factor or ignore check points to keep growing

Front 40

Tumor

Back 40

-abnormal mass of cells

Front 41

Benign Tumor

Back 41

-Abnormal mass of normal cells.
-Do not move from original site in the body

Front 42

Malignant Tumor

Back 42

-Cancerous.
-Capable of spreading into near tissues

Front 43

Metastasis

Back 43

-The spread of cancer cells beyond their original site
-Malignant tumors

Front 44

Carcinomas

Back 44

-Cancers that originate in external or internal coverings of the body
-EX: skin or lining of intestine

Front 45

Sarcomas

Back 45

-Arise in tissues that support the body
-EX: bone and muscle

Front 46

Leukemias and Lymphomas

Back 46

-Cancers of blood-forming tissues, bone marrow, spleen, and lumph nodes

Front 47

Cancer Treatment

Back 47

-Chemotherapy and Radiation

Front 48

Somatic Cell

Back 48

-Has 46 Chromosomes, 23 pairs
-Body cells

Front 49

Homologous Chromosomes

Back 49

-They both carry genes controlling the same inherited characteristics, but not identical

Front 50

Autosomes

Back 50

-22 pairs of chromosomes
-Found in both Male and Female

Front 51

Sex Chromosomes

Back 51

-23rd Pair, determines a person's gender
-Female: XX
-Male: XY

Front 52

Diploid Cells

Back 52

-Contain two homologus sets of chromosomes, 46, 23 pairs.

Front 53

Gametes

Back 53

-Sperm and Egg Cells
-Each has 23 chromosomes, a single chromosome set, known as a Haploid cell

Front 54

Zygote

Back 54

-Fertilized Egg
-Diploid; Father (23) + Mother (23) = 46

Front 55

Meiosis

Back 55

-Gametes are made by a special sort of cell division
-Occurs only in reproductive organs

Front 56

Meiosis I and II

Back 56

-Interphase
-Meiosis I: Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I and Cytokinesis. HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES SEPERATE
-Meiosis II: Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II and Cytokinesis. SISTER CHROMATIDS SEPERATE.

Front 57

Tetrads

Back 57

-In Prophase I of Meiosis, duplicated homologous chromosomes pair to form tetrads and then crossing over occurs

Front 58

Chiasma

Back 58

-Greek for Cross
-a place where two homologous chromatids are attached to eachother (tetrad).

Front 59

Genetic Recombination

Back 59

-The production of gene combinations different from those carried by the original chromosomes

Front 60

Genetic Variation

Back 60

-Crossing Over: prophase I of meiosis
-Independent Assortment of Homologues: metaphase I, when homologous chromosomes split to opposite ends of the cell, which goes to which side
-Random Joining of Gametes: which egg joins with which sperm