Ap Bio Chapter 7.1

Front 1

Photosynthesis

Back 1

-To make sugar
-Process by which plants use light energy to make food from CO2 and H20

Front 2

Autotrophs

Back 2

-Make their own food
-Producers
-Photosynthetic: make from organic molecules and sunlight; plants, algae, cyanobacteria
-Chemosynthetic: make from inorganic/organic molecules (hydrogen sulfide); bacteria, protists

Front 3

Leaf Structures

Back 3

-Mesophyll: tissue on interior of leaf where chloroplasts are
-Stomata: pores where CO2 enters and O2 exits

Front 4

Chloroplast

Back 4

-Contain pigments, chlorophyll (absorbs light energy)

Front 5

Chloroplast Structures

Back 5

-Outer Membrane, Intermembrane Space, Inner Membrane
-Stroma: thick fluid in inner membrane (sugars are made here)
-Thylakoids: contain chlorophyll
-Grana: stack of thylakoids

Front 6

Photosynthesis Reaction

Back 6

6C02 + 12H20 >SUNLIGHT> C6H12O6 + 6H20 + 6O2

Front 7

Photolysis

Back 7

-Splitting water with sunlight
-Sunlight 'excites' electrons

Front 8

Oxidized

Back 8

-Water molecules split > forms O2
-Lose electrons and 2H+ ions
-LEO: Lose elections=oxidized (Leo the Lion goes Ger)

Front 9

Reduced

Back 9

-Carbon dioxide > C6H12O6
-Electrons and H+ ions added
-GER: Gain Electrons=reduced (Leo the Lion goes Ger)

Front 10

Convert

Back 10

-Light energy to chemical energy stored in the sugar molecules
-Light stored in sugar

Front 11

Light Reaction

Back 11

-In Grana (Stacks)
-Convert light energy to chemical energy and oxygen
-Solar to chemical
-Absorbtion of light energy
-excite electrons by that energy
-form ATP, NADPH from electron transport chain
-Products: O2, NADPH, ATP

Front 12

Calvin Cycle

Back 12

-In Stroma (Fluid)
-Series of reactions that assemble sugar from carbon dioxide and energy-containing products of the light reaction

Front 13

Sunlight

Back 13

-Radiation/Electromagnetic energy

Front 14

Electromagnetic Energy

Back 14

-Measured in Nanometers
-Travels in rhythmic wave
-Wavelength: distance between crests of adjacent waves

Front 15

Electromagnetic spectrum

Back 15

-Gamma Rays > X-Rays > Ultra Violet Rays > Visible Light > Infrared rays > Micro Waves > Radio Waves
-Visible Light: VBGYOR
-V(380NM), BG(500), YO(600), R(750)
- <--- Increase in energy (380 = most energy)

Front 16

Photosystems

Back 16

-Capture solar power
-Within Thylakoid Membrane
-Reaction Center: chlorophyll a donates excited electron
-200 - 300 pigments in a photosystem
-Absorb light, photolysis (split water), excited electron through electron acceptor, to primary electron acceptors (oxidized)

Front 17

Pigments

Back 17

-In the Grana, absorb light
-Chlorophyll a
-Chlorophyll b
-Carotenoids

Front 18

Chlorophyll a

Back 18

-Blue, Violet, Red
-Directly involed in light reaction

Front 19

Chlorophyll b

Back 19

-Blue, Orange
-Not directly involed in the light reaction

Front 20

Carotenoids

Back 20

-Blue
-Absorb/dissipate excessive light that could damage chlorophyll

Front 21

Photon

Back 21

-Packet of energy
-When absorbed, it is incorporated into elections
-Ground State > "excited" which are unstable and reemit abosorbed energy and go back to ground
-Energy is then passed to neighboring molecules or lost as heat
-In chlorophyll, electrons, e to g, after glow is called fluorescence

Front 22

Chlorphyll, Oxidized

Back 22

> Primary election acceptor (neighboring molecules), reduced

*Triggers the light reaction

Front 23

Antenna Molecules

Back 23

-Other pigment molecules like chlorophyll b and carotenoids

Front 24

Photosystem Types

Back 24

-I: chlorophyll a of the reaction center is P700, absorbs red light best at 700nm wavelength
-II: chlorophyll a of reaction center is P680, absorbs o/r light best at 680nm.
-Different proteins, different optimums for light absorbtion.

Front 25

Photophosphorylation

Back 25

-Process of making ATP from ADP and P using sunlight

Front 26

Electron Transport Chain

Back 26

-Electrons lose energy as they travel down the ETC and the energy lost gets stored in ATP and NADPH

Front 27

Chemiosmotic Theory

Back 27

-Photolysis occurs, H+ ions are created and accumulate inside thylakoids
-pH decreases in thylakoid and increases in stroma, creates pH gradient

Front 28

Channel Proteins

Back 28

-ATP Synthases
-Allows H+ ions to flow from the thylakoid to the stroma
-Generates energy for ATP synthases to phosphorylate ADP to ATP
-3 H+ ions for 1 ATP