Ap Bio (Chapter 14 - Mendel And Genetics)

Front 1

character

Back 1

heritable feature that varies in individuals.
Eg. plant color.

Front 2

trait

Back 2

variant of character.
Eg. color purple.

Front 3

Stamens

Back 3

pollen producing organs in plants.

Front 4

Carpel

Back 4

egg bearing organs in plants.

Front 5

true breeding

Back 5

self pollinating plants produce plants of same variety.
homozygous.

Front 6

Hybridization

Back 6

crossing of 2 true-breeding plants.

Front 7

P Generateion

Back 7

first breeding generation of true-breeding organisms.

Front 8

F1 generation

Back 8

frst Filal generation where the products are heterozygous.

Front 9

F2 generation

Back 9

produced when the F1 geneartion self-pollinates.

Front 10

Filal

Back 10

son generation.

Front 11

Law of Segregation

Back 11

the law that states that for each character an organism inherits, two alleles exist, one from each parent.

Front 12

Alleles

Back 12

alternate versions of genes.

Front 13

Dominant Allele

Back 13

determines phenotype.

Front 14

Reccessive allele

Back 14

no noticable effect on phenotype unless in a homozygous, recessive genotype.

Front 15

Punnett Square

Back 15

the method of judging possible combinations of genes.

Front 16

Homozygous

Back 16

true breeding or identical alleles, either recessive or dominant. (XX, or xx)

Front 17

Heterozygous

Back 17

2 different alleles.
(Xx)

Front 18

Phenotype

Back 18

noticable traits in an organism.
Eg. purple flowers.

Front 19

Genotype

Back 19

genetic make up.
Eg. Xx, XX, xx

Front 20

Testcross

Back 20

breeding recessive homozygote with dominant phenotype to find genotype of other plant.

Front 21

Law of Independant Assortment

Back 21

each pair of alleles segregates independantly of other pairs of alleles during gamete formation.

Front 22

Monohybrids

Back 22

heterozygous for one character.

Front 23

Dihybrids

Back 23

heterozygous for both characters.

Front 24

Complete dominance

Back 24

only one allele shows in phenotype.

Front 25

codominance

Back 25

both alleles affect phenotype in seperate ways

Front 26

incomplete dominance

Back 26

phenotype between two alleles shared equally as in with pink flowers.

Front 27

Pleitropy

Back 27

genes with multiple phenotypic effects.

Front 28

epistasis

Back 28

one allele at locus alters phenotypic expression of allele at other locus.
Eg. mouse color and pigmint distribution (a mouse is brown or black, only if the gene for pigmint distribution is given)

Front 29

Quantitative Characters

Back 29

characteristics vary rather than either or.

Front 30

polygenetic inheritance

Back 30

2 or more genes to one phenotypic character.

Front 31

norm of reaction

Back 31

range of phenotypic possibilities.

Front 32

multifactoral

Back 32

many factors, genetic and enviromental, influence phenotype.

Front 33

pedigree

Back 33

big family tree

Front 34

carriers

Back 34

those with recessive disorder not shown in phenotype.

Front 35

Dominant Disorders

Back 35

Anchondroplasioa - dwarfism
Hunnington's disease (degenerative nervous system - not prevalent until older)

Front 36

Amniocentesis

Back 36

a form of testing babies for diseases by taking a sample of the embryotic fluid from the uterus and testing it for diseases.

Front 37

Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)

Back 37

a form of testing babies for diseases by taking a piece of the placenta and testing the tissues.

Front 38

Consaguineous

Back 38

"same blood".
what happens when close relatives mate, it makes it more likely for recessive dangerous traits to be passed on.

Front 39

mendelian principles of inheritance

Back 39

predict offspring traits in meiosis through the formation of gametes and how genes are passed to next generation.

Front 40

gregor mendel

Back 40

Austrian monk in 1857 who used pea plants to determine genetics.

Front 41

Pisum Satria

Back 41

pea plants (scientific)

Front 42

seed color/shape
height
flour position/color
pod shape/color

Back 42

traits tested in mendel's experiments.

Front 43

gene

Back 43

trait

Front 44

allele

Back 44

form of gene

Front 45

Law of Dominance

Back 45

Recessive genotype = recessive phenotype
Dominant Genotype = Dominant genotype.

Front 46

Law of Segregation (altered after mendel)

Back 46

CHROMOSOMES seperate during gamete formation

Front 47

phenotypic ratio

Back 47

homany dominant phenotypes to how many recessive phenotypes.

Front 48

genotypic ratio

Back 48

homozygous dominant: heterozygous: homozygous recessive

Front 49

8.3 X 10^5

Back 49

human possible chromosomes for parents gametes. 70 billion cominations possible for zygote.

Front 50

2^N

Back 50

number of poles to the power of the haploid number. number of combinations possible.

Front 51

syngamy

Back 51

fusion of gametes.

Front 52

Law of Independant Assortment

Back 52

every CHROMOSOME (originally allele, but later changed) seperates independantly.