Ap Bio Chapter 14

Front 1

blending hypothesis

Back 1

the idea that genetic material contributed by two parents mies in a manner analogous to the way blue and yellow paints blend to make green

Front 2

particulate hypothesis

Back 2

parents pass on discrete heritable units (GENES)

Front 3

Gregor Mendel

Back 3

- pea plants
- CONTROLLED experiment

Front 4

stamens

Back 4

- "male"
- pollen producers

Front 5

carpel

Back 5

- "female"
- pollen receivers

Front 6

character

Back 6

- a heritable feature (flower color)
- can have several different traits

Front 7

trait

Back 7

- variant of a character (purple OR white flowers)

Front 8

hybridization

Back 8

genetic cross

Front 9

true breeding

Back 9

no matter how many times it pollinates itself, it will always get what you started with

Front 10

true breeding parents

Back 10

(P)

Front 11

F1

Back 11

The hybrid offspring of the P generation

Front 12

F2

Back 12

The generation produced when F1 individuals self-pollinate

Front 13

Law of Segregation

Back 13

Two alleles for a heritable character segregate (separate) during gamete formation and end up in different gametes.

Front 14

Mendelian Ratio

Back 14

3:1

Front 15

Variant

Back 15

Trait

Front 16

Allele

Back 16

Different version of genes

Front 17

Mendel's Hypothesis

Back 17

1. Alternate versions of genes (alleles)
2. An organism inherits two alleles, each of which is represented twice
3. dominant --> phenotype
recessive --> genotype
4. LAW OF SEGREGATION

Front 18

heterogyzous

Back 18

different traits

Front 19

Homozygous

Back 19

same traits

Front 20

Phenotype

Back 20

physical appearance

Front 21

Genotype

Back 21

genetic makeup

Front 22

Test Cross

Back 22

- allows you to determine the genotype
- crosses with the homozygous recessive

Front 23

Monohybrid

Back 23

heterozygous for one character

Front 24

Dihybrid

Back 24

heterozygous for two characters

Front 25

Law of Independent Assortment

Back 25

each pair of alleles segregates independently of each other pair of alleles during gamete formation.

Front 26

Multiplication Rule

Back 26

multiply the individual probabilities

Front 27

Addition Rule

Back 27

add the individual probabilities

Front 28

Complete Dominance

Back 28

the pheonotyes of the heterozygote and the dominant homozygote are indistinguishable

Front 29

Incomplete Dominance

Back 29

Neither allele is completely dominant and the F1 hybrid have a phenotype somewhere between those of the two parental varieties. (BLENDING)

Front 30

Codominance

Back 30

Two dominant alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways

Front 31

Dominant

Back 31

- determines the organisms appaearance (PHENOTYPE)
- protein that dictates (controls) the metabolic (signal transduction) pathways that controls the phenotype

Front 32

Recessive

Back 32

- has no noticeable effect on the organisms appearance.
- (homogeneous recessive) the protein that controls the metabolic pathway to control the phenotype when the dominant gene is not present

Front 33

Pliiotropy

Back 33

a gene has multiple phenotypic effects

Front 34

Locus

Back 34

location on the gene

Front 35

Epitasis

Back 35

a gene at one locus alters the phenotypic expression of a gene at a second locus

Front 36

Pedigree

Back 36

A family tree that describes the interrelationships of parents and children across generations

Front 37

Carrier

Back 37

Heterozygous individuals who carry the recessive allele but are phenotypically normal

Front 38

Examples of Homozygous Recessive Carrier Diseases

Back 38

- Sickle-Cell Disease
- Cystic Fibrosis
- CONSANGUINEOUS mating