Ap Bio Ch. 7

Front 1

the microscopes first used by Renaissance scientists, as well as the microscopes you are likely to use in the lab.

Back 1

Light Microscopes

Front 2

visible light is passed through the specimen adn then trhough glass lenses, the lenses refract the light so the image of the specimen is magnified as it is projected into the eye

Back 2

Light Microscopes

Front 3

measure of the clarity of the image; it is distinguished as two separate points

Back 3

Resolving Power

Front 4

are too small to be resolved by the light microscope, also called structures

Back 4

Organelles

Front 5

two basic types of electron microscopes

Back 5

TEM and SEM

Front 6

biologists use this to study the internal ultrastructure of cells. it uses electromagnents as lenses to focus and magnify the image by bending the paths of the electrons

Back 6

TEM

Front 7

useful for detailed study of the surface of the specimen

Back 7

SEM

Front 8

disruption of a cell and separation of its organelles by centrifugation

Back 8

Cell Fractionation

Front 9

the most powerful machines can spin as fast as 130,000 revolutions per minute and apply forces on particles of more than 1 million times the force of gravity

Back 9

Ultracentrifuges

Front 10

within the membrane is a semifluid substance in which organelles are found

Back 10

Cytosol

Front 11

type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in Bacteria and Archaea

Back 11

Prokaryotic Cell

Front 12

the DNA is concentrated in a region called this, but no membrane separates this region from the rest of the cell

Back 12

Nucleoid

Front 13

entire region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane, a term also used for the interior of a prokaryotic cell

Back 13

Cytoplasm

Front 14

functions as a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to service the entire volume of the cell

Back 14

Plasma Membrane

Front 15

the nuclear side of the envelope is lined by this, a netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus

Back 15

Nuclear Lamina

Front 16

the DNA is organized along with proteins into a fibrous material

Back 16

Chromatin

Front 17

as a cell prepares to divide the thin chromatin fibers coil up becoming thick enough to be discerned as separate structures

Back 17

Chromosomes

Front 18

type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles, present in protists, plants, fungi and animals

Back 18

Eukaryotic Cell

Front 19

a prominent structure within the nondividing nucleus

Back 19

Nucleolus

Front 20

particles made of ribosomal RNA and protein, are the organelles that carry out protein synthesis

Back 20

Ribosomes

Front 21

many of the different membranes of the eukaryotic cell are part of this

Back 21

Endomembrane System

Front 22

these membranes are related either through direct physical continuity or by the transfer of membrane segments (sacs made of membrane)

Back 22

Vesicles

Front 23

membranous labyrinth so extensive that it accounts for more than half the total membrane in eukaryotic cells

Back 23

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Front 24

its cytoplasmic surface lacks ribosomes

Back 24

Smooth ER

Front 25

appears rough through the electron microscope because ribosomes stud the cytoplasmic surface of the membrane

Back 25

Rough ER

Front 26

after leaving the ER many transport vesicles travel to this. Here products of the ER are modified and stored and then sent to other destinations

Back 26

Golgi Apparatus

Front 27

such vesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another

Back 27

Transport Vesicles

Front 28

most secretory proteins are called this, proteins that are covalently bonded to carbohydrates

Back 28

Glycoproteins

Front 29

amoebas and many other protists eat by engulfing smaller organisms or other food particles, this process is called

Back 29

Phagocytosis

Front 30

formed by phagocytosis, have already been mentioned

Back 30

Food Vacuoles

Front 31

freshwater protists have this, pumps excess water out of the cell

Back 31

Contractile Vacuoles

Front 32

mature plant cells generally contain this, a large thing enclosed by a membrane

Back 32

Central Vacuole

Front 33

the membrane that encloses the central vacuole

Back 33

Tonoplast

Front 34

are the sites of cellular respiration

Back 34

Mitochondria

Front 35

found only in plants and algae, are the sites of photosynthesis

Back 35

Chloroplasts

Front 36

inner membrane is convoluted with in foldings called

Back 36

Cristae

Front 37

second compartment, enclosed by inner membrane

Back 37

Mitochondrial Matrix

Front 38

the chloroplast is a specialized member of a family of closely relate plant organelles called

Back 38

Plastids

Front 39

inside the chloroplast is another membranous system in the form of flattened sacs

Back 39

Thylakoids

Front 40

thylakoids are stacked like poker ships, each stack is called a

Back 40

Granum

Front 41

the fluid outside the thylakoids, contains the chloroplast DNA and ribosomes as well as many enzymes

Back 41

Stroma

Front 42

is a specialized metabolic compartment bounded by a single membrane

Back 42

Peroxisome

Front 43

a network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm

Back 43

Cytoskeleton

Front 44

the thickest of the three types

Back 44

Microtubules

Front 45

the thinnest

Back 45

Microfilaments

Front 46

fibers with diameters in a middle range

Back 46

Intermediate Filaments

Front 47

microtubules grow out from this, a region often located near the nucleus

Back 47

Centrosome

Front 48

within the centrosome of an animal are a pair of, each composed of nine sets of cell divides, this replicates

Back 48

Centrioles

Front 49

the microtubule assembly of a cilium or flagellum is anchored in the cell by this, which is structurally identical to a centriole

Back 49

Basal Body

Front 50

long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion.

Back 50

Flagella

Front 51

the motor molecules extending form each microtubule doublet to the next are made of a large protein called

Back 51

Dynein

Front 52

microfilaments are also called actin filaments because they are built from molecules of, a globular protein

Back 52

Actin

Front 53

circular flow of cytoplasm within cells

Back 53

Cytoplasmic Streaming

Front 54

cell crawls along a surface by extending and flowing into cellular extensions called

Back 54

Pseudopoida

Front 55

actin filaments are arranged parallel to one another along the length of a muscle cell, interdigitated with thicker filaments made of protein called

Back 55

Myosin

Front 56

one of the features of plant cells that distinguishes them from animal cells

Back 56

Cell Wall

Front 57

young plant cells first secretes a relatively thin and flexible wall

Back 57

Primary Cell Wall

Front 58

between the primary walls of adjacent cell is called this, a thin layer rich in sticky polysaccharides called pectins

Back 58

Middle Lamella

Front 59

between the plasma membrane and the primary wall

Back 59

Secondary Cell Wall

Front 60

although animal cells lack walls akin to thos of plant cells they do have an elaborate

Back 60

ECM

Front 61

forms strong fibers outside the cells

Back 61

Collagen

Front 62

collagen fibers are embedded in a network woven form this, which are glycoproteins of another class

Back 62

Proteoglycans

Front 63

fibronectins bind to receptor proteins that are built into the plasma membrane

Back 63

Integrins

Front 64

some cells are attached to the ECM by other kinds of glycoproteins

Back 64

Fibronectins

Front 65

plant cell walls are perforated with channels called this to bind

Back 65

Plasmadesmata

Front 66

the membranes of neighboring cells are actually fused

Back 66

Tight Junctions

Front 67

also called anchoring junctions, function live rivets fastening cells together into strong sheets

Back 67

Desmosomes

Front 68

also called communicating junctions provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent animal cells

Back 68

Gap Junctions