Ap Bio Ch 22 - 25

Front 1

Aristotle (384- 322 BCE)

Back 1

view species as fixed. "scala natura"

Front 2

Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)

Back 2

Swed physician and botanist. Classify life "for the greater glory of God". Came up with binomial format for naming species. Nested classification system (vs. scala natura), ex: genus>genera>family, etc. Systema Naturae, 1759

Front 3

Georges Cuvier (1769 - 1832)

Back 3

French sceientist. Developed Paleontology (study of fossils). Observe strata. Oppose evolution, advocate catastrophism; comparative anatomist

Front 4

catastrophism

Back 4

events in the past occurred suddenly and were caused by mechanisms different from those operating in the present.

Front 5

James Hutton (1726-1797)

Back 5

Scot geologist. "graduation": Earth's geologic features can be explained by gradual mechanisms still operating in present

Front 6

Charles Lyell (1797-1875)

Back 6

geologist, studenr of Hutton -> Uniformitarianism= mechanisms of change are constant over time (hutton and lyell influence Darwin's thesis)

Front 7

Jean-Baptiste de Larmarck (1744-1829)

Back 7

French biologist. Philosophie Zoologique, 1809; Recognized that evolutionary change explains patterns in fossils and match of organisms to their environments. Incorrect explanations: 1.use and disuse, 2. inheritance of acquired characteristics, 3. organisms have an innate drive to become more complex

Front 8

Charles Darwin (1809 - 1882)

Back 8

English. HMS Beagle voyage. On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selections; Darwin's finches

Front 9

Alfred Russel Wallace (1823 - 1913)

Back 9

Brit naturalist. Independentally develop hypothesis of natural selection nearly identical to Darwin's.

Front 10

Observations of Darwin

Back 10

1. Members of a population often vary in their inherited traits 2. all species can produce more offspring than their environment can support.

Front 11

Inferences of Darwin

Back 11

1. Individuals whose inherited traits give advantages in survival and reproduction leave more offspring than other individuals. 2. The unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce leads to accumulation of favorable traits in the population over generations.

Front 12

Thomas Malthus

Back 12

economist. Human suffering is an inescapable consequence of human population's potential to reproduce faster than what the available resources can support

Front 13

homology

Back 13

physical similarity resulting from common ancestry

Front 14

vestigial structures

Back 14

remmnants of features that served a function in the organism's ancestors

Front 15

convergent evolution

Back 15

independent evolution of similar features in different lineages

Front 16

analogous structures

Back 16

features that similar function but not common ancestry

Front 17

mechanisms for allele frequency change

Back 17

Selection (natural, sexual, artificial); Genetic Drift (bottleneck, founder); Gene Flow

Front 18

genetic variation

Back 18

differences among individuals in the makeup of their genes or other DNA segments

Front 19

sources of genetic variation

Back 19

formation of new alleles (mutation), althering gene number or position, rapid reproduction, sexual reproduction

Front 20

population

Back 20

group of individuals of same species that live in the same area and interbreed to produce fertile offspring

Front 21

gene pool

Back 21

all copies of every type of allele at every locus in all members of a population

Front 22

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

Back 22

1. No mutation, 2. Random mating, 3. No natural selection, 4. Large population size, 5. No gene flow; deviation from these conditions is a potential cause of evolution

Front 23

genetic drift

Back 23

unpredictable fluctuation of allele frequencies over generations as a result of chance events

Front 24

effects of genetic drift

Back 24

1. significant in small populations, 2. causes allele freq to change at random, 3. can lead to a loss of genetic variation within populations, 4. can cause harmful alleles to become fixed

Front 25

gene flow

Back 25

transfer of allels into or out of a popualtion due to the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes. Tends to reduce genetic differences between populations, and can even lead to combination of multiple populations to a single gene pool

Front 26

limitations of natural selection

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1. can act only onexisting variations, 2. limited by historical constraints, 3. adaptations = compromises, 4. interaction of chance, natural selection, environment

Front 27

protocells

Back 27

droplets of molecules with membranes that maintain an internal chemistry distinct from that of their surroundings

Front 28

Stanley Miller (1953)

Back 28

tested the Oparin-Haldane hypothesis-> abotically yield amino acids + other organic compounds

Front 29

Oparin-Haldane Hypothesis (1920s)

Back 29

Earth's early atmosphere = reducing environment: lightning and UV radiation could have driven production of organic compounds

Front 30

ribozymes

Back 30

RNA segments that carry out enzyme-like catalytic functions

Front 31

ARCHAEAN EON (2,500-4,600 mya)

Back 31

prokaryotes. Concentrations of atm. O2 begin to increase

Front 32

PROTEROZOIC EON (542 - 2,500 mya)

Back 32

algae, soft-bodied invertibrates, eukaryotic cells

Front 33

Stromatolites

Back 33

layered rocks that form when certain prokaryotes bind thin films of sediments together

Front 34

PHANEROZOIC EON (542-present)

Back 34

Palezoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic Era: "Cambrian Explosion" ->present

Front 35

Cambrian Explosion (circa 535-525mya)

Back 35

sudden appearance of present-day animal phyla. Predator-prey adaptations, possible fossils of animal embryos

Front 36

colonization of land (≈500mya)

Back 36

vascular plants, arthropods(first to colonize land), tetrapods

Front 37

Permian mass extinction (251mya)

Back 37

btw. Palezoic and Mesozoic eras; Volcanic eruptions in Siberia->low-oxygen condition->90% of marine animal species die.

Front 38

Cretaceous mass extinction (65.5mya)

Back 38

btw. Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras; 1/2+ marine and many families of terristrial life, incl. all dinosaurs. Iridium layer <- E.T. objects?

Front 39

adaptive radiations

Back 39

periods of evolutionary change in which evolved organisms fill in different roles (niches) in their communities

Front 40

heterochrony

Back 40

evolutionary change in the rate or timing of developmental events; often responsible for striking evolutionary transformations

Front 41

paedomorphosis

Back 41

heterochrony cause reproductive organ development to accelerate compareed to other organs-> sexually mature species may retain juvenile body structures in ancestral species

Front 42

homeotic genes

Back 42

master regulatory genes that control placement and spatial organization of body parts

Front 43

exaptations

Back 43

functions that evolve in one context but become co-opted for another function. Ex/ human ears!

Front 44

Hox gene

Back 44

homeotic gene that provices positional info. In animal embryo