Ap Bio Ch 2

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Acidic

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Contains a lot of hydrogen ions (H+); If dissolved in water, will release many hydrogen ions.

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Adhesion

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The clinging of one substance to another.

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Alkaline

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A base; A compound whose water-based solutions have pH higher than 7 and turns red litmus paper blue; reacts with acid to form salts

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Amino Acids

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Organic molecules possessing both carboxyl and amino groups. --serve as the monomers of proteins.

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Atom

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smallest unit of an element that retains its characteristics properties.

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Autotrophs (Producers)

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An organism that makes its own food and does not require previously formed organic materials from the environment.

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Basic

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excess of base; amount of base higher atomically than that of the acid

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Capillary Action

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when capillary tube is made of polar substance and water climbs up with the attraction great between the water molecules and molecules of tube.

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Carbohydrates

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A sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides).

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Cellulose

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A structural polysaccharide of cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by b-1, 4-glycosidic linkages

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Chemical Reaction

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process in which one of more substances are changed chemically into one or more different substances.

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Cohesion

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The binding together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds.

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Compound

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A chemical combination, in a fixed ratio, of two or more elements.

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Dehydration Synthesis (Condensation)

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chemical reaction between two molecules which links them together and expels water molecule.

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Dipeptide

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Combination of two amino acids by means of a peptide.

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Disaccharides-

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Double sugars, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis.

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DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

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A double-stranded helical nucleic acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell’s proteins.

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Electrons

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Negatively Charged Particles

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Elements

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Any substance that cannot be broken down to any other substance.

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Ester Bonds

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Bonds formed between the glycerol molecule and fatty acids (through dehydration synthesis).

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Fat (triacylglycerol)

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A biological compound consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule.

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Fructose

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One of the most common monosaccharides that is commonly found in fruits.

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Functional Groups

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Specific configurations of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and usually involved in chemical reactions.

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Glucose

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The most common monosaccharide, six-carbon sugar produced when plants capture sunlight.

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Glycogen

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An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.

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Glycosidic Bond

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bond between two glucose molecules.

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Harold Urey

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Help form heterotroph hypothesis; simulated primitive earth in lab.

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Heat Capacity

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Quantity of heat required to change the temperature of a substance by 1 degree.

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Heterotroph Hypothesis

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Theory that earliest life forms were most likely heterotrophs relying on other organic molecules for energy.

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Heterotrophs

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Living organisms that rely on organic molecules for food

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Hydrogen Bonds

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Types of weak chemical bonds formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule.

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Hydrolysis

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A chemical process that lyses or splits molecules by the addition of water; an essential process in digestion.

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Hydrophilic

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Having an affinity/likeness for water.

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Hydrophobic

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Having an aversion to water; tending to coalesce and form droplets in water.

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Inorganic Compounds

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Molecules that do not contain carbon atoms.

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Lipids

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The family of compounds, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that are insoluble in water.

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Monosaccharides

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The simplest carbohydrates, active alone or serving a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Also known as simple sugars, the molecular formulas of monosaccharides are generally some multiple of CH2O.

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Neutral

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A solution or compound that is neither alkaline or acidic.

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Neutrons

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Uncharged particles.

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Nucleic Acids (polynucleotides)

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A biological molecule (such as RNA or DNA) that allows organism to reproduce; polymers composed of monomers called nucleotides joined by covalent bonds (phosphodiester linkages) between the phosphate of one nucleotide and the sugar of the next nucleotide.

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Nucleotides

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The building blocks of nucleic acids, consisting of five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.

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Nucleus

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Core of the atom where protons and neutrons are packed together.

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Oparin and Haldane

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Scientists that proposed that primitive atmosphere contained methane, ammonia, hydrogen and water, and that these gases collided to form molecules we know today.

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Organic Compounds

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Chemical compounds that contain skeleton of carbon atoms.

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Peptide Bond

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The covalent bond between two amino acid units, formed by condensation synthesis.

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Phospholipids

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Molecules that constitute the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail.

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pH Scale

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A measure of hydrogen ion concentration equal to -log [H+] and ranging from 0 to 14.

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Plastids

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One of a family of closely related plant organelles, including chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and amyloplasts (leucoplasts).

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Polar

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containing partial positive/negative charge.

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Polypeptide

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String of joined amino acids.

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Polysaccharides

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Polymers of up to over a thousand monosaccharides, formed by condensation synthesis.

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Protein

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A three-dimensional biological polymer constructed from a set of 20 different monomers called amino acids.

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Protons

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positively charged particles.

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RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)

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A single stranded nucleic acid molecule involved in protein synthesis, the structure of which is specified by DNA.

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Stanley Miller

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Help form heterotroph hypothesis; simulated primitive environment in lab.

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Starch

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A storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose.