Ap Bio Ch 02 - The Chemical Context Of Life

Front 1

This is anything that takes up space and has mass.

Back 1

Matter (independent of gravity)

Hint 1

p.27

Front 2

What is the difference between mass and weight?

Back 2

Mass is the amount of matter in an object and weight is how strongly that mass is being pulled by gravity.

Front 3

What is a pure substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions?

Back 3

Element

Front 4

What is a substance consisting of 2+ elements combined in a fixed ratio?

Back 4

Compound

Front 5

How many chemical elements does life require?

Back 5

25

Front 6

What subatomic particle is ignored when computing the total mass of an atom?

Back 6

Electrons are about 1/2,000 that of a neutron or proton.

Front 7

What are the 3 types of Intermolecular Bonds?

(b/w molecules)

Back 7

1. Dispersion
2. Dipole
3. H-bond

Front 8

What 2 subatomic particles are almost identical in mass?

Back 8

Protons and neutrons
1.7x10-24 g

Front 9

Rank the 3 Intermolecular Forces from strong to weak

Back 9

H-bond > Dipole > Dispersion

Front 10

What is the number of protons unique to each element?

Back 10

Atomic Number

Front 11

What must be balanced for an atom to have a neutral electrical charge?

Back 11

Protons (+) and electrons (-)

Front 12

What does the group number of an element represent?

Back 12

The number of valence electrons.

Front 13

What is the sum of protons and neutrons in an atom?

Back 13

Mass Number

Front 14

What is the total mass of an atom, usually represented as a close approximation of the mass number?

Back 14

Atomic Weight

Front 15

What is an atom with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons?

Back 15

Isotope

Isotopes with more neutrons weigh more.

Front 16

What is the most common Isotope of carbon?

Back 16

Carbon 12 represents 99% of all the C in nature.

Front 17

What are the 2 types of Isotopes?

Back 17

1. Stable
2. Radioactive

Front 18

What nuclei do not lose particles?

Back 18

Stable Isotope

Front 19

What nucleus decays spontaneously giving off particles and energy?

Back 19

Radioactive Isotope

Eventually the decay changes the # of protons and therefore the element also changes

Front 20

What is the ability to do work?

Back 20

Energy

Front 21

What is the stored energy of matter due to position or location called?

Back 21

Potential Energy

Front 22

What is the fixed state of potential energy an electron has in an atom?

Back 22

Energy level or electron shell

Front 23

How does an electron change its shell?

Back 23

By absorbing/losing an amount of energy equal to the difference in P.E. between an old and new shell.

Front 24

What does an electron do to move to a shell farther out?

Back 24

Absorb energy

Front 25

What does an electron do to move to a shell closer to the nucleus?

Back 25

Release energy

Front 26

What are the columns and rows called on a Periodic Table of Elements?

Back 26

Columns: Groups/Families
Rows: Periods/Series

Front 27

What are the number of electrons in an atom's outermost shell called?

Back 27

Valence Electron/Valence Shell

Front 28

Atoms that have similar chemical properties have the same # of _______

Back 28

Valence Electrons

Front 29

Which bond enables 2 atoms to share a pair of valence electrons?

Back 29

Covalent Bonds

Front 30

What term describes 2+ atoms held together by covalent bonds?

Back 30

Molecule

Front 31

What describes a combination of 2+ different elements?

Back 31

Compound

Front 32

What is the degree of attraction between 2 elements?

Back 32

Electronegativity

Front 33

Which bond shares electrons equally?

Back 33

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

Front 34

What is a bond where electrons are not shared equally; hence one atom is more electronegative than another = stronger pull?

Back 34

Polar Covalent Bond

Front 35

_____ bonds are between non-metals; whilst _____ bonds are between metal and non-metals.

Back 35

Covalent; Ionic

Front 36

What is a positively charged ion called?

Back 36

Cation

Front 37

What is a negatively charged ion called?

Back 37

Anion

Front 38

Which bond describes the attraction between an anion (non-metal) and cation (metal/salt)?

Back 38

Ionic Bond

Front 39

Which bond transfers electrons from the least electronegative to the most electronegative?

Back 39

Ionic Bond

Front 40

What is the strongest kind of bond?

Back 40

Covalent

Hint 40

Covalent
Hydrogen
Ionic

Front 41

What bond is described by an H atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom that is also attracted to another electronegative atom (O,N, or F )?

Back 41

Hydrogen Bond (H-bond)

Front 42

What is a polar molecule with one end more negative and the other more positive called?

Back 42

Dipole

Front 43

What is the attraction between 2 polar molecules where the negative end of one molecule is attracted to the positive end of another molecule?

Back 43

Dipole intermolecular force

Front 44

What occurs between 2 nonpolar molecules that have a temporary positive and negative end and causes one molecule to be attracted to another molecule of an opposite charge?

Back 44

Dispersion intermolecular force

Front 45

What makes and breaks chemical bonds?

Back 45

Chemical reactions

Front 46

What is the chemical equation for Photosynthesis?

Back 46

6CO2 + 6H20 = C6H12O6 + 6O2

Front 47

At what point is Chemical Equilibrium reached?

Back 47

When reactions no longer have a net effect on the concentrations of reactants and products.

Front 48

What 4 elements make approx. 96% of all living matter?

Back 48

C,H,O,N

Front 49

When is a covalent bond nonpolar?

Back 49

When both atoms sharing electrons are equally electronegative.

Front 50

A molecule's biological function is related to its _________.

Back 50

Shape