Ap Bio (Campbell) Chapter 7: Cells

Front 1

Magnification

Back 1

the ratio of an object’s image to its size

Front 2

Resolving power

Back 2

measure of the clarity of the image

Front 3

Organelles

Back 3

sub cellular structures

Front 4

Cell fractionation

Back 4

to disassemble cells so that the functions of major organelles can be studied

Front 5

What four things do all cells have in common?

Back 5

a plasma membrane, semi fluid cytosol that organelles are in, chromosomes that carry genes and ribosomoes (small organelles that make cells on the orders of the genes.

Front 6

Prokaryotic cell

Back 6

cell where DNA is found in nucleoid not protected by membrane

Front 7

Eukaryotic cell

Back 7

cell where DNA is enclosed in membrane covered nucles

Front 8

Cytoplasm

Back 8

the inside of a prokaryotic cell or the space between the nucleus and membrane in a eukaryotic cell

Front 9

Which kind of cell is usually bigger?

Back 9

eukaryotic

Front 10

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

Back 10

lets oxygen, nutrients and waste in appropriate amounts through.

Front 11

What is the point (2) of internal membranes in eukaryotic cells?

Back 11

1. enzymes are built into them 2. organelles can have their own environments so that they can do incompatible things in the same cell

Front 12

Chromatin

Back 12

found in both animal and plant cells, found in nucleus, contains DNA and proteins, can be seen individual chromosomes during cell division, fibrous material

Front 13

Nucleolus

Back 13

found in both animal and plant cells, no membrane, helps make ribosomes, found in nucleus which as one or more

Front 14

Nuclear envelope

Back 14

found in both animal and plant cells double membrane around nucleus, has pores

Front 15

Nucleus

Back 15

found in both animal and plant cells

Front 16

Ribosomes

Back 16

found in both animal and plant cells, no membrane, make proteins, can be free or bound to rough endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope

Front 17

Golgi apparatus

Back 17

found in both animal and plant cells, works on synthesis, sorting and secretion of the products of the cell

Front 18

Plasma membrane

Back 18

found in both animal and plant cells, membrane that surrounds the cell

Front 19

Mitochondrion

Back 19

found in both animal and plant cells

Front 20

Lysosome

Back 20

found only in animal cells

Front 21

Cytoskeleton

Back 21

found in both animal and plant cells, reinforces cell shape, includes microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubes

Front 22

Microvilli

Back 22

found in both animal and plant cells

Front 23

Peroxisome

Back 23

found in both animal and plant cells, organelle with specialized metabolic functions that produces hydrogen peroxide

Front 24

Centrosome

Back 24

found in both animal and plant cells, region where microtubules are initiated

Front 25

Flagellum

Back 25

found in some animal cells

Front 26

Endoplasmic Rectum (ER)

Back 26

found in both animal and plant cells, network of membranous sacs and tubes, active in membrane synthesis, other metabolic and synthetic processes, rough and smooth regions

Front 27

Chrloroplasts

Back 27

found only in plant cells, photosynthetic organelle, converts sun energy to chemical energy to store it in sugar molecules

Front 28

Central vacuole

Back 28

found only in plant cells, prominent in older plant cells, functions as storage, braking down waste, enlargement is important for plant growth, enclosed in tonoplast (membrane). Develops out of smaller vacuoles so that it is integrated into the endomembrane system

Front 29

Tonoplast

Back 29

found only in plant cells, membrane in central vacuole

Front 30

Cell wall

Back 30

found only in plant cells, outer layer of cell that maintains shape and protects cell. Made of cellulose, other polysaccharides and protein

Front 31

plastmodesmata

Back 31

channels through cell walls that connect cytoplasms to those of adjacent cells

Front 32

are all genes found in the nucleus?

Back 32

no, most are but some are in the mitochondria and chloroplasts

Front 33

what does the pore complex do?

Back 33

lines every pore and regulates the passage of particles and large macromolecules through it

Front 34

nuclear lamina

Back 34

netlike array of protein intermediate filaments that holds the shape of the nucleus

Front 35

what organelles carry out protein synthesis?

Back 35

ribosomes

Front 36

what two organelles are not enclosed in membrane?

Back 36

ribosomes and nucleoli

Front 37

what is the difference between free and bound ribosomes

Back 37

free ribosomes are in the cytosol while those that are bound are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope

Front 38

synthesis

Back 38

building something out of smaller molecules

Front 39

how do proteins that free ribosomes make usually function?

Back 39

these proteins usually function in the cytosol like the enzymes that start sugar breakdown

Front 40

how do proteins made by bound ribosomes usually function?

Back 40

they are usually designed to go into membranes, packaging in organelles like lysosomes or secretion.

Front 41

How are bound and free ribosomes related?

Back 41

they have the same structure and can switch roles

Front 42

Vesicles

Back 42

small sacs made of membrane

Front 43

Endomembrane system contains what 7 things, how are they connected?

Back 43

contains the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, goldgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles and the plasma membrane and membranes that touch each other or are connected by vesicles

Front 44

Cisternae

Back 44

the network of tubules and sacs in the endoplasmic reticulum

Front 45

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Back 45

smooth because there are no ribosomes to make it rough

Front 46

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Back 46

rough because of ribosomes

Front 47

What are the 4 functions of smooth endoplasmic reticulums?

Back 47

synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbs, detoxification of drugs and poisons, muscle contractions

Front 48

What is an example of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum synthesising lipids?

Back 48

the cells that synthesize the sex cells of vertebrates (which are steroids, aka lipids) have a lot of smooth ER

Front 49

What is an example of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum metabolizing carbs?

Back 49

an enzyme in the smooth ER of the liver removes phosphate from glucose when glycogen is being hydrolyised

Front 50

What is an example of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum detoxifying drugs

Back 50

the smooth ER adds hydroxyl groups so that the drugs will be more soluble

Front 51

Microtubles

Back 51

support and serve as a railway, the thickest. Used to separate chromosomes when cells divide

Front 52

What is an example of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in muscle cells?

Back 52

the ER membrane fills the cistrnal space with calcium and when the cell is stimulated by a nerve the calcium goes back across the membrane to the cytosol and makes the muscle contract

Front 53

Glycoproteins

Back 53

proteins that have covalent bonds to carbohydrates

Front 54

Transport vesticles

Back 54

vesicles that move from one part of the cell to another

Front 55

What is the purpose of the gold apparatus?

Back 55

to finish, sort and ship products of the cell

Front 56

Explain the polarity of a Golgi stack

Back 56

the membranes of cisternae have different thickness and composition depending on their end. They care called the cis face and trans face.

Front 57

Cis face

Back 57

usually near the endoplasmic reticulum and receive material from transit vesicles. The membrane and things in the lumen of a budding vesicle by fusing to the Golgi membrane

Front 58

Trans face

Back 58

gives rise to vesicles that pinch off and travel to other sites

Front 59

What happens to the products of the ER during transfer?

Back 59

they are usually modified

Front 60

How are Golgi products secreted?

Back 60

they leave the trans face in transport vesicles that will fuse with the plasma membrane

Front 61

What is the process of products in the Golgi?

Back 61

the Golgi send them to different cisternae between the cis and trans ends that have special enzymes. They seem to be moved between cisterna by vesicles.

Front 62

What kind of environment is good for lysosomes?

Back 62

acidic pH5

Front 63

How does a lysosome keep a low pH?

Back 63

pumping hydrogen ions from the cytersol into the lumen of the lysosome

Front 64

What might happen if a lysosome leaked?

Back 64

the enzymes would not be very active because the cytersol they would be in has a neutral pH. If it leaks too much autodigestion might destroy the cell.

Front 65

Phagocytosis

Back 65

the process used by some protests to eat in which they engulf something smaller, forming a food vacuole. The vacuole fuses with a lysosome and then the food is digested by the enzymes.

Front 66

Autophagy

Back 66

where lysosomes use enzymes to hydrolyze and recycle the organic material in a cell

Front 67

Why do lysosomes destroy themselves?

Back 67

to facilitate development, as from a tadpole to a frog or to get rid of webs between the fingers of a baby

Front 68

How is a person affected by a lysosomal storage disease?

Back 68

the lysosomal metabolism is affected. They do not have the enzyme that is normal there and substrates can’t be digested and get in the way of the work of the cell

Front 69

Contractile vacuoles

Back 69

pump extra water out of the cell

Front 70

Central vacuole

Front 71

What is the purpose of the central vacuole?

Back 71

to store organic compounds, inorganic ions, disposal, pigments, poison for protections, helps plant grow by elongating with water

Front 72

How do mitochondria generate ATP?

Back 72

the take energy from fat sugar and other fuel with oxygen

Front 73

How are mitochondria and chloroplasts similar

Back 73

their membranes are not made by ER and they are not part of the endomembrane system

Front 74

What is the structure of a mitochondrion?

Back 74

two membranes that each have a phospholipid bilayer, each of which that has proteins . the outside is smooth and the inside have cristae (folds)

Front 75

Mitochondrial matrix

Back 75

one part of the internal membrane, has many enzymes, DNA and ribosomes

Front 76

Thylakoids

Back 76

flattened sacs that form a membranous system inside the chloroplast, divides the interior of the chloroplast into the thylakoid space and the stroma

Front 77

Granum

Back 77

when thylakoids stack like poker chips

Front 78

Stroma

Back 78

fluid outside of thylakids that has DNA and ribosomes of chloroplast along with enzymes

Front 79

Peroxisome

Back 79

a special metabolic comparment held by one membrane that contains enzymes that move hydrogen from substrates to oxygen to create hydrogen peroxide

Front 80

What are some examples of the uses of peroxisomes?

Back 80

break down fatty acids to be used to cellular respiration of the mitochondria, detoxify alcohol

Front 81

Cell motility

Back 81

the actual cell moving and movement within the cell

Front 82

Motor molecules

Back 82

proteins that create cell motility

Front 83

What is the newest possible cytoskeletel function

Back 83

regulating biochemical activities aka. Moving mechanical forces through the cell

Front 84

Centrosome

Back 84

an area near the nucleus that microtubules often grow from. Contain a pair of centrioles

Front 85

Centrioles

Back 85

inside centrosomes, replicate before cell division, not essential

Front 86

What are the 2 functions of cilia and flagella?

Back 86

unicellular things are moved through water by them (sperm). They move fluid over the surface of tissue (mucus in windpipe).

Front 87

How are cilia and flagella different in form?

Back 87

flagella are longer, there are less of them per cell

Front 88

How are cilia and flagella similar?

Back 88

they are similar in diameter, have the same ultrastructure

Front 89

How are cilia and flagella different in function?

Back 89

they have different beating patterns. Flagella undulate and generate motion in same direction as the axis. Cilia work like oars with motion perpendicular to the axis.

Front 90

Basal body

Back 90

where the microtubule assembles of a cilia or flagellum is anchored. Matches a centriole in structure

Front 91

Dynein

Back 91

molecules that connect microtubules in cilia and flagellum. They are responsible for bending movements

Front 92

Actin

Back 92

a globular protein that builds microfilaments

Front 93

Myosin

Back 93

a protein that makes filaments thicker than those of actin. These filaments walk past the actin filaments.

Front 94

Pseudopodia

Back 94

false feet through extensions and contractions, such as with the movement of amoeba.

Front 95

Cytoplasmic streaming

Back 95

circular flow of cytoplasm in plant cells. Materials can move faster

Front 96

How are intermediate filaments different from microfilaments and microtubules?

Back 96

they are more permanent, and of intermediate size.

Front 97

What are intermediate filaments especially for?

Back 97

bearing tension, they may be important to enforcing shape and fixing organelles in place.

Front 98

Primary cell wall

Back 98

thin and flexible, secreted by a young plant cell

Front 99

Middle lamella

Back 99

thing layer between primary walls and the cells they touch

Front 100

Secondary cell wall

Back 100

between plasma membrane and primary wall of plants.

Front 101

extra cellular matrix

Back 101

used to support, adhere, move and regulate animals cells

Front 102

collagen

Back 102

prevalent protein in animals

Front 103

how are plants unified?

Back 103

plasmodesmata (channels that cytosol can move through)

Front 104

tight junctions

Back 104

membranes of cells are fused together, they prevent extra cellular fluid from leaking (like in the intestines)

Front 105

dermatomes

Back 105

fasten cells strongly

Front 106

gap junctions

Back 106

cytoplasmic channels

Front 107

Centrioles

Back 107

found only in animal cells, unknown function

Front 108

How does the Golgi sac sort products?

Back 108

Molecular tags (ie. Attached phosphate groups), external molecules on transport vesicles that recognize ‘docking sites’ on organelles or in plasma membrane