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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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genetic engineering
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the direct manipulation of genetic material for practical purposes
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biotechnology
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use of living organisms to manufacture desirable products
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recombiant DNA
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formed combination of genes from differernt organisms and species
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gene cloning
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preparation of multiple identical copies of pieces of DNA
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restriction enyzmes
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protect bacteria from the DNA of viruses or other bacteria by cutting up foreign DNA
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restriction site
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recognition sequence that restriction enzymes look for
usually a symmetrical sequence of four to eight nucleotides running in opposite directions on the two strands. |
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sticky ends
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unbound ends left after endonucleases cut the DNA.
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restriction fragment
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fragment cut from the restriction site.
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DNA ligase
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enzyme uses to seal the sticky ends of DNA together,
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cloning vectors
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DNA molecules that can move foreign DNA into a cell and replicate there
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expression vector
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-small DNA molecule that is used to introduce and express a specific gene into a target cell.
- contains promoter |
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complementary DNA
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cDNA
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artificial chromosomes
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man made chromosomes constructed to carry foreign DNA and contain an origin for DNA replication,a centromere,e, and two telomeres.
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electroporation
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method in which electric pulse briefly opens holes in the plama membrane through which DNA can enter, injection into cells using needles, or firing into plant cells using a gene gun.
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genomic library
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stores genes used for cloning containing recombinant plasmids.
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PCR
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polymerase chain reaction
produces billions of copies of a section of DNA |
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gel electrophoresis
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process that uses electrodes to separate nucleic acids and proteins according to charge, shape, and charge.
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Southern hybridization
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-DNA cut with restriction enzyme
-fragments are separated on a gel and blotting - single-stranded DNA are added and hybridize with complementary DNA sequences |
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RELPs
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restriction fragment length polymorphosims
-fragments of noncoding DNA sequences |
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in situ hybridization
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technique
where chromosome staining show the location of the gene |
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Human Genome Project
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- project the map the the human genome
- linkage, physical mapping, and DNA sequencing |
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How do you map a large genome?
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1. map several thousand genetic markers( RFLPs or genes)
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how do you do physical mapping?
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determine the actual distance between markers
1. cut DNA at restriction fragments |
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chromosome walking
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probe made from the 3' end of a known sequence is used to search the first library for the next overlapping fragment
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Sanger Method
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1. mix single-stranded restriction fragment + dideozyribonucleotides
2. separate flourescently tagged strands through gel electrophoresis 3. nucleotide sequence is read from the sequence of bands |
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DNA microarray assays
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indicate relative amounts of mRNA in a tissue
-compare gene expression in canverous and noncancerous tissues |
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in vitro mutagenesis
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-method to find fuction of unkown genes
-changeds are made to a cloned gene, the gene is returned to the cell, and changes in physiology |
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antisnese nucleic acid
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-single stranded DNA or RNA molecule
- prevent disease by blocking the translation of mRNA |
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DNA fingerprint
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RRLP analysis
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simple tandem repeats or STRs
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variations in the number of tandem repeated base sequences
- forensic DNA |
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transgenic organisms
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animals that contain gene from other species
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Ti plasmid
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integrates a segment of it DNA into the plant chromosomes
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hybridization probe
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a short piece of DNA that is denatured (by heating) into single strands and then radioactively labeled
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cDNA library
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-copies of mRNA
reverse transcribed mRNAs are collectively known as the library |
