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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
atrium/(plural, atria) |
עליה A chamber ofthe vertebrate heart that receives blood fromthe veins and transfers blood to a ventricle. |
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ventricles
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חדרי הלב chambers that pump blood out of heart (1 or 2) |
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arteries
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עורקים carry blood away from heart to the organs. |
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capillaries
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נימים very small vessels that form beds or networks for chemical and gas exchange with thin walls to the enclosed organs. |
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venules
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ורדיד small veins the come from the cappilary bed. |
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hepatic vein
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vein from the liver to the heart.
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double circulation
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two different circlations that are used to gather O2 and then travel to the rest of the body.
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pulmonary circuit
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using lungs to gather O2 and then going to the systemic circuit.
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pulmocutaneou scircuit |
if it includes capillaries in both the lungs andthe skin, as in many amphibians. |
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systole
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the contraction of the heart to pump blood.
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diastole
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the relaxation or the filling of the heart after a systole.
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stroke volume
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blood pumped by left ventricle each contraction (mix of cardiac output and heart rate)
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atrioventricular (AV) valve |
lies between eachatrium and ventricle. The AV valves are anchored by strongfibers that prevent them from turning inside out. Pressure generated by the powerful contraction of the ventricles closes the AV valves, keeping blood from flowing back intothe atria. |
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semilunar valves
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are located at the two exits ofthe heart: where the aorta leaves the left ventricle and wherethe pulmonary artery leaves the right ventricle. These valvesare pushed open by the pressure generated during contractionof the ventricles.
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pulmonary artery
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עורק הריאה leaves right ventricle |
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sinoatrial (SA) node
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part of heart that sets rate/time of contracting cells.
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Atrioventricular (AV) node
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delays contraction signal so that the first chamber can empty.
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endothelium |
layers of flat cells that provide minimum resistance to blood flow. line the lumen of veins and arteries. |
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precapillary sphincters
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control the travel of the blood through the capillaries into the capillary bed. can contract and stop flow. (smooth muscle also controls)
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erythrocytes
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red blood cells that carry oxygen via. hemoglobin . help with CO2 transport as well.
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leukocytes
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white blood cells that act as the immune system or bodily defense.
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platelets
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act in blood clotting
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erythropoietin (EPO)
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hormone secreted by the kidney that stimulates red blood cell production when O2 levels are down.
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fibrinogen
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inactive clotting sealent
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fibrin
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activated protein sealent
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thrumbus
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clot blocking blood flow that causes heart problems.
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lipoproteins ׁׂ |
low-density lipoprotein (LDL)—delivers cholesterol to cells for membrane production. Anothertype high-density lipoprotein (HDL)—scavengesexcess cholesterol for return to the liver. Individuals with ahigh ratio of LDL to HDL are at substantially increased riskfor atherosclerosis. |
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tracheal system
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in insects where tiny branching tubes penetrate the whole body and O2 goes directly to the cells.
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larynx
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upper respatory tract
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glottis
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opening of windpipe.
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bronchi
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2 tubes after the trachea that lead to each lung.
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bronchioles
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finer tubes that branch into the lungs.
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positive pressure breathing
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breathing of amphibians that forces air down the trachea.
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negative pressure breathing |
pulls air into the lungs when the rib muscles and diaphragm contract (like in humen) |
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diaphragm
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skeletal muscle forming the bottom of the chest cavity
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tidal volme
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volume in each breath
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vital capacity
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maximal tidal volume
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residual volume
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whatever is left in lungs after exhale.
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breathing control centers
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medula oblongata (basic rythm) and pons (moderates). sensors in heart also monitor O2 and CO2 levels and help control
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partial pressure
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outward and other pressure besides internal.
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respatory pigments
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proteins transporting O2 like hemoglobin.
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bohr shift
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when the respatory pigments don't work because the PH drops and becomes more acidic.
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heart rate
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beats per minute or pulse
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stroke volume
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blood pumped by left ventricle each contraction
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lymphatic system
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shadows circulatory system and cleans out blood. tonsils, thymus gland, spleen, bone marrow, nodes.
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tracheal system
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tubes similar to human tracheas in bugs for respiration.
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spiracles
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openings at bug body surfaces that enter into the tracheas into the "lungs"
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pleural membrane |
covering of lungs (membrane) connected to the ribs. |
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bronchioles
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branching bronchi
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alevioli
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cluster into aleviolar sac.
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Vena Cava
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travels into the right atrium. inferior/superior.
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Endothelium
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muscle/fleshy/ thick covering of heart
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myocardium
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muscle that pumps ventricles.
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septum
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seperating wall of the two chambers of the heart.
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vasoconstriction |
A decrease in the diameter ofblood vessels caused by contraction of smoothmuscles in the vessel walls. Researchers have identified endothelin, a peptide, asthe most potent inducer of vasoconstriction. |
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vasodilation |
An increase in the diameter ofblood vessels caused by relaxation of smoothmuscles in the vessel walls. Researchers have identified nitric oxide (NO), a gas, as amajor inducer of vasodilation |
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Thrombin |
platelets release clotting factorsthat trigger reactions leading to the formation of thrombin from prothrombin,an enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin |
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myoglobin |
An oxygen storing,pigmented protein in muscle cells. |