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58 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

atrium/(plural, atria)

עליה


A chamber ofthe vertebrate heart that receives blood fromthe veins and transfers blood to a ventricle.

ventricles

חדרי הלב

chambers that pump blood out of heart (1 or 2)
arteries

עורקים

carry blood away from heart to the organs.
capillaries

נימים

very small vessels that form beds or networks for chemical and gas exchange with thin walls to the enclosed organs.
venules

ורדיד

small veins the come from the cappilary bed.
hepatic vein
vein from the liver to the heart.
double circulation
two different circlations that are used to gather O2 and then travel to the rest of the body.
pulmonary circuit
using lungs to gather O2 and then going to the systemic circuit.
using lungs to gather O2 and then going to the systemic circuit.

pulmocutaneou scircuit

if it includes capillaries in both the lungs andthe skin, as in many amphibians.

if it includes capillaries in both the lungs andthe skin, as in many amphibians.

systole
the contraction of the heart to pump blood.
diastole
the relaxation or the filling of the heart after a systole.
stroke volume
blood pumped by left ventricle each contraction (mix of cardiac output and heart rate)

atrioventricular (AV) valve

lies between eachatrium and ventricle. The AV valves are anchored by strongfibers that prevent them from turning inside out. Pressure generated by the powerful contraction of the ventricles closes the AV valves, keeping blood from flowing back intothe atria.

semilunar valves
are located at the two exits ofthe heart: where the aorta leaves the left ventricle and wherethe pulmonary artery leaves the right ventricle. These valvesare pushed open by the pressure generated during contractionof the ventricles.
pulmonary artery

עורק הריאה

leaves right ventricle
sinoatrial (SA) node
part of heart that sets rate/time of contracting cells.
Atrioventricular (AV) node
delays contraction signal so that the first chamber can empty.

endothelium

layers of flat cells that provide minimum resistance to blood flow. line the lumen of veins and arteries.

precapillary sphincters
control the travel of the blood through the capillaries into the capillary bed. can contract and stop flow. (smooth muscle also controls)
erythrocytes
red blood cells that carry oxygen via. hemoglobin . help with CO2 transport as well.
leukocytes
white blood cells that act as the immune system or bodily defense.
platelets
act in blood clotting
erythropoietin (EPO)
hormone secreted by the kidney that stimulates red blood cell production when O2 levels are down.
fibrinogen
inactive clotting sealent
fibrin
activated protein sealent
thrumbus
clot blocking blood flow that causes heart problems.

lipoproteins ׁׂ

low-density lipoprotein (LDL)—delivers cholesterol to cells for membrane production.


Anothertype


high-density lipoprotein (HDL)—scavengesexcess cholesterol for return to the liver. Individuals with ahigh ratio of LDL to HDL are at substantially increased riskfor atherosclerosis.

tracheal system
in insects where tiny branching tubes penetrate the whole body and O2 goes directly to the cells.
larynx
upper respatory tract
glottis
opening of windpipe.
bronchi
2 tubes after the trachea that lead to each lung.
bronchioles
finer tubes that branch into the lungs.
positive pressure breathing
breathing of amphibians that forces air down the trachea.

negative pressure breathing

pulls air into the lungs when the rib muscles and diaphragm contract (like in humen)

diaphragm
skeletal muscle forming the bottom of the chest cavity
tidal volme
volume in each breath
vital capacity
maximal tidal volume
residual volume
whatever is left in lungs after exhale.
breathing control centers
medula oblongata (basic rythm) and pons (moderates). sensors in heart also monitor O2 and CO2 levels and help control
partial pressure
outward and other pressure besides internal.
respatory pigments
proteins transporting O2 like hemoglobin.
bohr shift
when the respatory pigments don't work because the PH drops and becomes more acidic.
heart rate
beats per minute or pulse
stroke volume
blood pumped by left ventricle each contraction
lymphatic system
shadows circulatory system and cleans out blood. tonsils, thymus gland, spleen, bone marrow, nodes.
tracheal system
tubes similar to human tracheas in bugs for respiration.
spiracles
openings at bug body surfaces that enter into the tracheas into the "lungs"

pleural membrane

covering of lungs (membrane) connected to the ribs.

bronchioles
branching bronchi
alevioli
cluster into aleviolar sac.
Vena Cava
travels into the right atrium. inferior/superior.
Endothelium
muscle/fleshy/ thick covering of heart
myocardium
muscle that pumps ventricles.
septum
seperating wall of the two chambers of the heart.

vasoconstriction

A decrease in the diameter ofblood vessels caused by contraction of smoothmuscles in the vessel walls.


Researchers have identified endothelin, a peptide, asthe most potent inducer of vasoconstriction.

vasodilation

An increase in the diameter ofblood vessels caused by relaxation of smoothmuscles in the vessel walls.


Researchers have identified nitric oxide (NO), a gas, as amajor inducer of vasodilation

Thrombin

platelets release clotting factorsthat trigger reactions leading to the formation of thrombin from prothrombin,an enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin

myoglobin

An oxygen storing,pigmented protein in muscle cells.