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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Organismal Interactions
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How the organism meets daily challenges.
eg. Adaptions to their environment |
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Population Interactions
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Groups of individuals of the same species in particular geographical area.
eg. growth rate of bacteria population relative to temperature. |
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Community Interactions
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assemblage of populations of different species
eg. Effect of predation of wolves on moose in Yellowstone. |
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Ecosystem
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All biotic (living) and abiotic (nonliving) organisms in an area.
eg. How has increase in light, due to zebra mussel filtration, affected the flow of energy through the Bay? |
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Biome
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An area with dominant or predominant flora and fauna (temperate deciduous forrest)
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Biosphere
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The sum of all the planets ecosystem.
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Solar Energy.
What does it do? What types of food synthesizing comes from solar energy? |
a. It drives surface terrestrial and shallow water ecosystems.
b. Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis (vent comunities-caves) |
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What are six abiotic factors?
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a.Temperature
b.Water c.Sunlight d.Wind e.Rocks & Soil f. Periodic disturbances |
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Thermal Stratification
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Vertical Temperature layering
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What is Biannual Mixing?
What is Turnover? |
a. Biannual mixing occurs during spring and summer.
b.Changing water temperature profiles (eg. brings oxygenated water from surface to bottom and nutrient rich water from bottom to surface). |
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What are the five segments of vertical stratification?
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1.Photic zone- photosynthetic light
2.Aphotic zone-Little light 3.Thermocline-Narrow band or stratum of rapid temperature change. 4.Benthic Zone- bottom substrate (benthos-community of organisms that live on the bottom) 5.Detritus- Dead organic matter, food for the benthos. |
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What are the three freshwater biomes?
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A.littoral zone- shallow well-lit waters close to shore
B.Limnetic Zone- Well-lit open water close to shore C.Profundal zone- Deep, aphotic waters |
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What are three lake classifications?
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A.oligotrophic-deep water, nutrient-poor
B.Eutrophic-Shallow, high-nutrient content C.Mesotrophic-moderate productivity |
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What is a WETLAND? And what is a ESTUARY?
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A.An Area covered with water.
B.Area where freshwater merges with the ocean. |
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What are six marine biomes?
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-Intertidal Zone: Area where land meets water.
-Neritic Zone:Shallow regions over the continental shelves -Oceanic Zone: Very deep water past the continental shelves -Pelagic Zone:Open water of any depth -Benthic Zone: Sea floor bottom -Abyssal Zone: Benthic region in deep oceans |
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What are eight terrestrial Biomes?
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-Tropical Forrests
-Savanna -Desert -Chaparral -Temperate grassland -Temperate deciduous forest -Coniferous Forest -Tundra |
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What is demography and what are some examples?
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Factors that affect growth.
-Birthrate -Deathrate -Age Structure-number of individuals of each age |
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What is the exponential model?
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Idealized population in an unlimited environment. (J-curve); r-selected species. (r=per-capita growth rate)
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What is the Logistic Growth Model?
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An environment with a carrying capacity (K): Maximum population size that a particular environment can support (S-curve); K-selected species.
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What are characteristics of r-selected species?
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Short maturation & lifespan, many (small) offspring; usually 1 (early) reproduction; no parental care. HIGH DEATH RATE.
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What the characteristics of K-selected species?
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Long mature lifespan, few large offspring, low death rate.
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What are population limiting factors?
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Density dependent... competition, predation (stress/crowding, waste accumulation)
Density-Independent... Weather climate (periodic disturbances) |
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What are characteristics of a community?
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-Biodiversity
-Dominant Vegetation -Response to disturbances |
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What is trophic structure?
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Feeding relationships within ecosystems.
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What are five types of interaction?
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Predation (+,-)
Competition (-,-) Commensalism (+,0) Mutualism (+,+) |
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What are some predation defenses?
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-Cryptic: (camouflage) coloration
-Aposematic: (warning) coloration -Mimicry: resemblance to other dangerous species to protect. (Batesian:palatable/harmless species mimics poisonous species. -Mullerian: 2 or more unpalatable species, aposematically mimic eachother.) |
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What is 'sympatric'?
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When two species live in the same spot.
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What is the difference between fundamental niche and realized niche?
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Fundamental niche is the set of resources a population can theoretically use. Realized niche is what is actually being used.
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Two species _______ coexist if there niches are identical.
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*cannot*
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_____________ is the trophic level that supports all others. (auto-trophs- self feeders)
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*PRIMARY PRODUCERS*
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This trophic level is full of herbivores that eat the primary producers.
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*primary consumers*
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These consumers are usually carnivorous.
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*Secondary and tertiary consumers*
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What are detrivores?
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-Special consumers that derive nutrition from non-living organic matter.
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What is a food web and what do they consist of?
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Inter-connected food chains (food level pathway).
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What is ecological efficiency and what percentage of energy can be passed through each trophic level?
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A. % of energy transferred from one trophic level to the next.
B. 10% |
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What is biochemical cycling and what are four examples?
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A. The various nutrient circuits, which involve both abiotic and biotic components of an ecosystem.
B. Water, carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous. |
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How does the carbon cycle work?
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C02 in air or dissolved in water is used in photosynthesis- C is "locked up" in sugars produced by plants.
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How can carbon be returned to the atmosphere in the form of C02?
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1.Respiration
2.Combustion 3.Erosion of limestone made from calcium carbonate. |
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What are the nitrogen and phosphorous cycles?
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>Linked to plants and bacteria
>Limiting factors in plant growth |
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Why are Nitrogen and Phosphorous needed?
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To make proteins and nucleic acids (DNA, RNA). Protein needed for ATP (=energy currency of the cell).
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The atmosphere is ___% Nitrogen, but it cannot be directly used by plants.
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*79%*
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What is Nitrogen Fixation?
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(N) combines with (H) to form ammonia-NH3. This is done by (N) fixing bacteria living in
-soil -roots of plants eg.Beans, peanuts, legumes, etc. |
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1.Assimilation-N absorbed in plants and animals.
2.Ammonification-production of ammonia during decay of urea. 3.Nitrification-Production of nitrate from ammonia 4.Dentrification-conversion of nitrate to nitrate gas These are the four important steps in the ________ cycle. |
*Nitrogen Cycle*
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