Ap American Revolution

Front 1

Writs of Assistance

Back 1

Generic search warrants designed to aid royal officers in investigating evasions of English taxes and other trade restrictions

Front 2

George Grenville

Back 2

A dramatically anti-American prime minister, instated in 1763. He passed mulitple laws that restricted the colonists

Front 3

Proclamation of 1763

Back 3

A law passed by Grenville that forbade Colonial expansion beyond the Appalachians, meant to keep the Indians happy and the colonists closer and under control

Front 4

Sugar Act (Revenue Act) of 1764

Back 4

A Grenville law that raised the taxes on the goods imported by the Americans, its purpose being to raise revenue on said goods

Front 5

Quartering Act

Back 5

A Grenville law under which Americans were required to pay upkeep for British soldiers staying in their area

Front 6

Currency Act of 1764

Back 6

A Grenville law forbidding the use of any currency not redeemable in gold or silver

Front 7

Stamp Act of 1765

Back 7

A particularly stupid Grenville law that required Americans to purchase revenue stamps on virtually every type of good they bought

Front 8

Stamp Act Congress

Back 8

An American group that gathered to oppose the Stamp Act, with moderate protests and resolutions, stating that Americans could not be taxed without their consent

Front 9

Charles Lord Rockingham

Back 9

The prime minister that replaced Grenville after he was fired by the King for a matter unrelated to the colonies

Front 10

Declaratory Act

Back 10

The law passed immediately after the repeal of the Stamp and Sugar Acts, claiming absolute authority to make laws and taxes on the Americans, though this was mostly ignored by the colonists due to the enthusiasm over the repeal of the previous acts

Front 11

Charles Townshend

Back 11

Rockingham's replacement who believed he could succeed in taxing the Americans. He failed in this endeavor, and also suspended the New York legislation for not following the Quartering Act

Front 12

Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania

Back 12

Annonymous letters from Philadelphia lawyer, John Dickinson, calling attention to the fact that the Townshend Acts broke the terms of taxation without representation, at the same time calling for a moderate response in fellow Americans

Front 13

Massachusetts Circular Letter

Back 13

An announcement by the Massachusetts Legislation to reinforce Dickinson's mild arguments and get other colonial Legislations to sign petitions to repeal the Townshend Acts

Front 14

John Adams (1735-1826)

Back 14

Revolution leader; second president; helped draft the Declaration of Independence; delegate of the Continental Congress

Front 15

Samuel Adams (1722-1803)

Back 15

Revolution leader; helped found the Non-Importation Assaciation; drafted the Circular Letter; helped orgranize the Boston Tea Party; helped form the Boston Committee of Correspondence; delegate of the first and second Continental Congresses; signer of the Declaration of Independence

Front 16

Nathaniel Bacon (1647-1676)

Back 16

Led expeditions against local Indians, in defiance of the Virginian governor. After being labelled a rebel, he led a successful revolt against Jamestown, dying of dysentery shortly thereafter

Front 17

Vasco Nunez de Balboa (c. 1475-1519)

Back 17

A Spanish Conquistador, he claimed the Pacific Ocean and its ajacent lands in the name of Spain and got along well with the Indians. He was accused and convicted of treason in Spain, he was beheaded

Front 18

Daniel Boone (1734-1820)

Back 18

Pioneer who led settlers into Kentucky and built a fort at current day Boonsboro

Front 19

Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca (c. 1490-c. 1557)

Back 19

Shipwrecked and enslaved by Native Americans, he and three others traveled from Texas to Mexico

Front 20

John Cabot (fl. 1461-1498)

Back 20

Italian explorer working for England, he discovered the North American coastline. England based its claim to North America on his discovery

Front 21

Sebastian Cabot (c. 1483-1557)

Back 21

An Italian employed by England, he searched for the Northwest Passage. Later, working for Spain, he expored South America

Front 22

Jacques Cartier (1491-1557)

Back 22

Discovered the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the Saint Lawrence River. The French base their claims to the Saint Lawrence Valley on his exploits

Front 23

Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635)

Back 23

Founder of Quebec, this French explorer also searched around the New England Coastline, discovering many rivers in Maine

Front 24

Christopher Colombus (1451-1506)

Back 24

Working for Ferdinand and Isabella (Spain), he discovered America in his attempts to find a water route to Asia via westward travel. He is recognized as the one who discovered the New World

Front 25

Francisco Vasquez de Coronado (1510-1554)

Back 25

Went searching for the fabled cities of gold in the Southwest, instead discovering the Grand Canyon and Pueblo Indians

Front 26

Hernando Cortez (1485-1547)

Back 26

Conqueror of Mexico. He was welcomed by the Aztec Emperor as a descendant of divinity, a position he took advantage of to control the Empire.

Front 27

Virginia Dare (1587-?)

Back 27

First child born to English parents while in America. Grandaughter of the founder of the Roanoke Colony. Dissapeared with the rest of the colony

Front 28

Hernando de Soto (1500-1542)

Back 28

Searching for bullion, he came across the Mississippi where he died. He was buried here to hide his demise from the Indians he mistreated

Front 29

John Dickinson (1732-1808)

Back 29

Philadelphia Lawyer, author of the "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania." Voted against the Declaration of Independence in favor of a more peaceful solution

Front 30

Sir Francis Drake (1540?-1596)

Back 30

First Englishman to circumnavigate the world, going as north as present-day Washington

Front 31

Eric the Red (fl. tenth century)

Back 31

Norseman who discovered Greenland and established a colony there

Front 32

Leif Eriksson (fl. 1000)

Back 32

Son of Erik the Red, and probable discoverer of America, which he allegedly found when blown off course during a trip from Norway to Greenland

Front 33

Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)

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Member of the Continental Congress, helped draft the Declaration of Independence, which he signed. Helped negotiate peace with England and got France to recognize the new republic

Front 34

Sir Martin Frobisher (1535?-1594)

Back 34

Englishman who made three voyages to serch for the Northwest Passage. Discovered Forbisher Bay in present day Canada, and brought an Eskimo back to England to "prove" he had reached China

Front 35

John Hancock (1737-1793)

Back 35

President of the Continental Congress from 1775-1777, first signer of the Declaration of Independence

Front 36

Louis Hennepin (1640-1701?)

Back 36

Joined French Explorer Rene-Robert and named the Falls of Saint Anthony, present day Minneapolis. Wrote vibrant accounts of the Niagara Falls

Front 37

Patrick Henry (1736-1799)

Back 37

Used his gift for speaking to fuel the colonial resolve for independence. Quotes include: "If this be treason, make the most of it" and "Give me liberty or give me death." Was on the First and Second Continental Congresses

Front 38

Thomas Hooker (1586-1647)

Back 38

Not happy with the strict nature of Massachussetts Puritanism, he led his congregation to found Hartford Conneticut, where he preached until his death

Front 39

Henry Hudson (fl. 1607-1611)

Back 39

While searching for the northwest passage, he came across the Hudson Bay region, which England claimed based on his findings

Front 40

Anne Hutchinson (1591-1643)

Back 40

Exiled from the Massachussetts Bay Colony for preaching that salvation could be attained via faith alone, instead of obedient action. While in exile, all but one of her family were killed by Indians

Front 41

Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826)

Back 41

Third President, wrote the first draft of the Declaration of Independence, and signed it. Was also a member of the Continental Congress