A&p

Front 1

What does the lymphatic system consist of?

Back 1

Lymphatic tissues and organs & lymphatic vessels.

Front 2

What are the characteristics of lymph?

Back 2

excess tissue fluids carried by the lymphatic vessels

Front 3

When does the fluid become lymph?

Back 3

When it enters the lymph vessels.

Front 4

What is the primary cause for the reabsorption of the excess fluids?

Back 4

Increased osmotic pressures forces water reabsorption into the capillaries and forces it into the lymph vessels.

Front 5

What are the properties of lymphatic vessels?

Back 5

One way system to heart. No pump

Front 6

Characteristics of lymph capillaries

Back 6

Walls overlap, form flap-like minivalves that close from higher pressure intracapillary to hold fluid inside. Anchored to connective tissue by filaments.

Front 7

What materials are in lymph?

Back 7

H2O, blood, proteins, bacteria, viruses, cancer cells, cell debris.

Front 8

What do lymph nodes do?

Back 8

Filter lymph before returning it to blood. Macrophages engulf and lymphocytes provide immune response to eliminate harmful products.

Front 9

Lymph node structure

Back 9

Kidney shaped, <1 inch long. Cortex: outer part, contains follicles (lymphocytes here). Medulla: inner part, contains macrophages.

Front 10

Flow of lymph through nodes

Back 10

Enters in convex side via afferent vessels, flows thru sinuses inside, exits thru efferent lymphatic vessels. More afferent than efferent vessels.

Front 11

Other lymphoid organs

Back 11

Spleen, thymus, tonsils, Peyer's patches (intestinal)

Front 12

What does the spleen do and its location?

Back 12

Filters blood, destroys worn out cells (most important function), forms blood cells in fetus, acts as blood reservoir.
Left side of abdomen

Front 13

Location and function of thymus

Back 13

Located low in pharynx (throat), overlying the heart. Functions at peak levels only during childhood. Produces hormones to program lymphocytes.

Front 14

What do tonsils do?

Back 14

Trap and remove bacteria and other foreign materials. Tonsillitis is caused by congestion w/ bacteria.

Front 15

Location and function of Peyer's patches

Back 15

Found in wall of small intestines. Resemble tonsils in structure, capture and destroy bacteria in intestine.

Front 16

What is the immune system also known as?

Back 16

Specific body defense system, for each type of invader to the body.

Front 17

What are Non-specific body defense types?

Back 17

Skin, mucous membranes, specialized cells, chemicals produced by the body (lysosome,cerumen), fevers.

Front 18

What are the components of the first line of defense?

Back 18

Skin and mucous membranes

Front 19

How does the skin protect?

Back 19

Physical barrier, pH is acidic, sebum is toxic to bacteria, vagial secretions are very acidic.

Front 20

How do the mucous membranes protect?

Back 20

Stomach mucosa: secretes HCL & pepsin (protein digesting enzyme). Saliva & lacrimal fluid contain lysozyme. Mucus traps microorganisms.

Front 21

What is the 2nd line of defense?

Back 21

Specialized cells and inflammatory response.

Front 22

What types of cells for defense?

Back 22

Phagocytes: (macrophages, neutrophils).
Natural killer (NK) cells

Front 23

How do NK cells work?

Back 23

Unique lymphocytes that can fight before the immune system starts. React against any target by recognizing surface sugars. Secrete surface lytic: perforin

Front 24

How does the inflammatory response work?

Back 24

Tissue injury triggers, chain of events leads to protection & healing. Prevents agent spread, disposes of cell debris, sets up repairs.

Front 25

What are the cardinal signs of inflammatory response

Back 25

Redness
Heat
Swelling
Pain
Loss of function

Front 26

What is a Complement?

Back 26

Group of 20+ plasma proteins. Activated when they encounter & attach to cells(complement fixation) Damage foreign cell surfaces. Has vasodilators, chemotaxis, opsonization.

Front 27

What does Interferon do?

Back 27

Binds to healthy cells surfaces to inhibit viruses binding. Proteins of virus-infected cells, diffuse to nearby cells and bind to membrane receptors.

Front 28

Fever

Back 28

Higher body temperature,pyrogens reset hypothalmus heat regulation, iron & zinc release inhibited, none for bacteria growth. Increases tissue repair speed

Front 29

What is the 3rd line of defense?

Back 29

The immune system, specific defenses.

Front 30

Antigen specific

Back 30

Recognizes and act against particular foreign substances.

Front 31

Is it only a local immunity?

Back 31

Systemic, has memory that recognizes and mounts a stronger attack on previously encountered pathogens.

Front 32

Types of Immunity

Back 32

Humoral: anti-body mediated, cells produce chemicals.
Cellular: Cell-mediated, cells target virus infected cells.

Front 33

What are non-self antigens?

Back 33

Any substance capable of exciting the immune system and provoking an immune response.

Front 34

What are self-antigens?

Back 34

Cells restricted to one's own body; can attack someone else's cells if placed in another person. (Organ transplants)

Front 35

Allergies (hypersensitivity)

Back 35

Abnormally vigorous immune response to a "perceived" threat that damages tissue to fight off something that would be harmless to body.

Front 36

Lymphocytes: Types

Back 36

Originate from hemocytoblasts in red bone marrow. B-lymphocytes from bone marrow. T-lymphocytes from thymus gland. Macrophages from monocytes, widely distributed in lymphoid organs.

Front 37

Humoral immune response
Primary Humoral Response.

Back 37

Anti-body mediated: B-lymphocyte binds to specific antigen. Event activates large number of clones to be made from the first lymphocyte.

Front 38

Humoral immune response Secondary humoral response.

Back 38

Most B cells become plasma cells produce antibodies to destroy antigen. Activity lasts 4+5 days Some B cells become long lived memory cells; recognizes antigen

Front 39

Secondary Response does what?

Back 39

Rapid response to second antigen exposure; stronger and longer lasting.

Front 40

Active Immunity

Back 40

B cells encounter antigens and produce antibodies. Can be naturally or artificially acquired.

Front 41

Passive Immunity

Back 41

Antibodies from someone else, mother/fetus or from immune serum or gamma globulin. Memory does not occur, protection from "borrowed" antibodies.

Front 42

Monoclonal Antibodies

Back 42

Antibodies prepared for clinical testing or diagnostic purpose. From a single cell line. Ex: Dx for pregnancy, tx for hepatitis and rabies.

Front 43

Antibodies (Immunoglobulins)

Back 43

Ig's: Soluble proteins secreted by B cells, carried in blood plasma. Binds specifically to an antigen.

Front 44

Antibody Structure

Back 44

4 amino acid chains linked by disulfide bonds; heavy chain and light chain. Specific antigen binding sites are present.

Front 45

Antibody Classes

Back 45

IgM: can fix complement
IgA: found in mucus
IgD: for activation of B cells
IgG: cross placental barrier
IgE: allergies involvment

Front 46

Antibody Function

Back 46

Inactivate antigens by:
complement fixation, neutralization, agglutination, precipitation.

Front 47

Cellular Immune Response
Antigen recognition

Back 47

antigens must be presented by macrophages to a T cell.

Front 48

Double recognition

Back 48

T cells must recognize non-self and self antigens. After antigen binding, clones form but different classes of cells produced.

Front 49

Types of T cell clones

Back 49

Cytotoxic T cells
Helper T cells
Suppressor T cells
Few members of each clone are memory cells.

Front 50

Cytotoxic T cells

Back 50

Kill infected cells, insert a toxic chemical (perforin)

Front 51

Helper T cells

Back 51

Recruit other cells to fight the invaders. Interact directly w/ B cells

Front 52

Suppressor T Cells

Back 52

Release chemicals to suppress the activity of T&B cells. Stops the immune response to prevent uncontrolled activity.

Front 53

Major types of grafts

Back 53

Autografts: same person graft
Isografts: from identical twin
Allografts: unrelated person
Xenografts: from different animal species.

Front 54

Organ transplants and rejection

Back 54

Autografts & isografts are ideal Xenografts never work
Allografts more successful w/ close tissue match.

Front 55

Types of Allergies: Immediate hypersensitivity

Back 55

Triggered w/release of histamine form IgE binding to mast cells. Rx w/in seconds of allergen contact. Anaphylactic shock is dangerous, systemic response.

Front 56

Types of Allergies: Delayed hypersensitivity

Back 56

Triggered by lymphokine release from activated helper T cells. Symptoms apppear 1-3 days after contact w/ antigen. Ex: contact dermatitis

Front 57

Disorders of Immunity: Immunodeficiencies

Back 57

Production or function of immune cells or complement is abnormal. May be congenital or acquired, includes AIDS.

Front 58

Autoimmune Dzs

Back 58

Immune system does not recognize self or non-self antigens. Antibodies & sensitized T lymphocytes attack its own tissues.

Front 59

Autoimmune Examples

Back 59

Mult. Sclerosis
Myasthenia Gravis
Juvenille DM
Rheumatoid arthritis,SLE, glomerulonephritis

Front 60

Self Tolerance Breakdown

Back 60

Inefficient lymphocyte programming; self proteins in circulation not exposed to immune system (eggs, sperm, eye lens); cross reaction - Rheumatic fever

Front 61

Developmental aspects of Lymphatic System and Body Defenses

Back 61

Lymphoid organs poorly developed before birth, except thymus and spleen. No functioning lymphocytes at birth, passive immunity from mother.