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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Mediator molecule released in one part of body but regulates cells in other parts of body.
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Hormone
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How do nervous vs endocrine system differ in terms of speed of response, duration of effect, and whether broad/specific target?
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Nervous - faster response, briefer effect, specific target. Endocrine - slower response, longer effect, broad target.
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Endocrine glands secrete into ___, then blood.
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Interstitial fluid
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What are the 5 exclusive endocrine glands?
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Pituitary, pineal, parathyroid, adrenal, thyroid gland
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What do down/up-regulation refer to?
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The increase/decrease in hormone receptors (sensitivity to hormone) on cell.
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What are the 2 classes of hormones based on location?
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Circulating, local hormones.
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What are 2 subclasses of local hormones?
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Paracrine - act on neighboring cells. Autocrine - act on the secreting cell itself.
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What are 3 types of lipid-soluble hormones?
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Steroid, thyroid, nitric oxide
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What are 5 types of water-soluble hormones?
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Amine, peptide/protein, eicosanoid
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Type of lipid-soluble hormone derived from cholesterol.
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Steroid
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Type of lipid-soluble hormone that is both a hormone & transmitter.
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Nitric oxide
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How do lipid-soluble vs water-soluble hormones travel in the body?
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Lipid-soluble - transport proteins. Water-soluble - circulate freely.
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What are 3 functions of transport proteins?
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Make lipid-soluble hormones soluble, stops loss of hormones through kidneys, provides hormone reserve in blood.
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Where are receptors on target cells located in lipid vs water-soluble hormones?
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Lipid-soluble - inside cell. Water-soluble - plasma membrane.
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Responsiveness of target cell depends on what 3 factors?
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Hormone concentration, number of target cell receptors, influence of other hormones.
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What is the difference b/w synergistic, permissive, & antagonistic effects of hormones?
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Synergistic - works w/ other hormone to amplify effect. Permissive - hormone needs simultaneous exposure to 2nd hormone. Antagonistic - 2 hormones oppose eachother's actions.
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What 3 factors regulate hormone secretion?
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Nervous system, chemical changes in blood, other hormones.
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Most hormones are regulated by (pos/neg) feedback. Give an example of negative feedback hormone.
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Negative feedback. Positive - oxytocin (labor).
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What structure is a major link b/w nervous & endocrine system?
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Hypothalamus
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Pituitary also known as ___. It's attached to hypothalamus by ___.
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Hypophysis. Infundibulum.
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Which of the following is the anterior/posterior pituitary? Neurohypophysis, adenohypophysis.
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Ant - adenohypophysis. Post - neurohypophysis.
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What bony structure is the location of the pituitary?
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Hypophyseal fossa of sella turcica of sphenoid
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Cells that synthesize hypothalamic hormones that travel through hypophyseal portal system to act on pituitary.
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Neurosecretory cells
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Anterior pituitary hormones that act on other endocrine systems called ___ hormones.
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Tropic
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Most numerous cells in anterior pituitary that release hGH.
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Somatotrophs
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What condition can an excess of hGH result in?
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Increased hGH = hyperglycemia = increased insulin (can cause secreting cells to burn out & secrete less insulin) = diabetes mellitus
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What is hyper vs hypoglycemia?
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Hyperglycemia = increased blood glucose. Hypoglycemia = decreased blood glucose.
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What are factors that release of hGH?
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Decreased blood glucose, decrease fatty acid (lypolysis needed), increase amino acid, deep sleep, increased SNS, other hormones.
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What are factors that inhibit of hGH?
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Increased blood glucose, increased fatty acid, decreased amino acid, REM, obesity, decreased thyroid hormone, decreased hGH.
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What is the fn of human growth hormone (hGH)?
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Stimulates secretion of insulin-like growth factors that promote growth, protein synthesis.
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What is the fn of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), AKA thyrotropin?
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Stimulates synthesis/secretion of thyroid hormones by thyroid.
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What is the fn of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)?
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Females - development of oocyte & estrogen in ovaries. Males - sperm production in testes.
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What is the fn of luteinizing hormone (LH)?
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Females - estrogen/progesterone, ovulation. Males - testosterone.
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What is the fn of prolactin?
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Promotes milk secretion in mammary glands.
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What conditions can result from excessive prolactin secretion?
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Females - galactorrhea (inappropriate lactation) & amenorrhea (no menstrual cycle). Males - erectile dysfunction.
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What is the fn of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) or corticotropin? What activates it?
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Stimulates glucocorticoid secretion by adrenal cortex. Low blood glucose, physical trauma, interleukin-1 from macrophages.
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List the 7 hormones secreted by anterior pituitary.
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hGH, TSH (thyrotropin), FSH, LH, PRL, ACTH (corticotropin), MSH.
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Tract that connects hypothalamus & posterior pituitary.
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Hypothalamohypophyseal tract
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What is the fn of posterior pituitary?
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Stores/releases hormones made by hypothalamus. Oxytocin, ADH (vasopressin).
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What is the fn of oxytocin?
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Enhances smooth mm contraction of uterus, stimulates milk ejection from mammary glands (before/after delivery).
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What is the fn of ADH? What regulates it? What are 3 effectors?
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Retains body water, increases BP. Regulated by blood osmotic pressure. Effectors - kidneys retain water (decrease urine), sweat glands decrease water loss during sweating, arterioles constrict.
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Thyroid gland is located inferior to what structure?
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Larynx
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How many lobes compose thyroid gland? What connects them?
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2 lobes. Isthmus.
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Tiny sacs containing cells that produce thyroid hormones.
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Thyroid follicles
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Which thyroid hormone is secreted in greater quantity and which is more potent?
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T4 greater quantity. T3 more potent.
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Which cells of which gland release calcitonin? What is it's fn?
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Parafollicular cells (C cells) of thyroid gland. Lowers blood calcium by inhibiting bone resorption by osteoclasts.
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List fns of thyroid hormones.
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Increase BMR, increase Na/K+ pump, increase body temp (calorigenic effect), increase protein synthesis & lipolysis, increase use of glucose/fatty acids for ATP, enhances actions of catecholamines ie epi/norepinephrine, regulates growth of nervous tissue & bones.
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Deficiency of thyroid hormones in early childhood can lead to what conditions?
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Mental retardation, stunted bone growth.
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Where are parathyroid glands found?
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Embedded in each lobe of thyroid gland.
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___ cells secrete parathyroid hormone (parathormone).
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Chief-principle cells
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What are fns of parathyroid hormone?
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Increases blood calcium, magnesium, phosphate in blood by increasing osteoclast activity and bone resorption. Increases calcitriol (active form vitamin D) which increases Ca, Mg absorption in GI tract.
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The adrenal cortex of the adrenal gland secretes what class of hormone and what 3 types?
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Steroid hormones - mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens.
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What is the major mineralocorticoid? List fns & describe pathway.
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Aldosterone. Increases blood volume & BP by increasing Na+/water reabsorption, decreasing K+ reabsorption. Promotes H ion excretion in urine to prevent acidosis in blood. See AP p666 for renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway.
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What is the major glucocorticoid? List 6 fns.
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Cortisol. Promotes protein breakdown, gluconeogenesis (amino acids, lactic acid), lipolysis, helps resist stress, anti-inflammatory - inhibits WBCs so slows tissue repair, depresses immune system.
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What is the major androgen? List fns.
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Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). Growth of axillary/pubic hair. Aids prepubertal growth spurt, libido.
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Adrenal medulla is a modified (sympathetic/parasympathetic) ganglion of the ANS. What are hormone producing cells?
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Sympathetic. Chromaffin cells.
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What 2 hormones are released from adrenal medulla? In what ratio to eachother?
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80% epinephrine (adrenaline). 20% norepinephrine (noradrenaline).
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