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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Intervertebral Discs
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pads of flexible fibrocartilage that are in between vertebrae,
Allow flexibility |
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Describe the 12 pairs of discs
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True fibs-first 7 pairs, attached directly to sternum by costal cartlages.
False-next 5 pair, no sternal Floating- last 2 false pairs |
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Calcaneus
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sheelbone
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Sprain
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Ligaments or tendons reinforcing a joint are damaged by excessive stretching, torn away
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Rheumatoid arthritis
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onset 40-50 years, 3x as many women as men are effected, autoimmune, body attempts to destroy own tissue
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Gouty arthritis
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accumulation of uric acid, a norm waste product of nucleac acid metabolism, deposited in the joint
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Osteoporosis
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affects 1/2 of all women over 65 years, and aprox 20% of men over 70. Risk factors: diet low in Calcium and protein, lack of vit D, smoking insuff WB exercise
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4 functions of muscles
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1.produce movement
2.maintain posture 3. stabilizes joints 4. generates heat |
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Skeletal muscle
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striated, voluntary, can contract rapidly with great force, tiers easily and must rest after short periods of activity
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Endomysium
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delicate connective tissue that encloses each muscle fiber
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Perimysium
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Coarse fibrous membrane enclose several sheathed muscle fibers called fasicle
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Fasicicle
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Several sheathed muscle fibers (that are wrapped within perimysium)
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Aponeuroses
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attach muscle indirectly to bones, cartilages or connective tissue
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Cardiac muscle
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Only found in heart
STRIATED, INVOLUNTARY, cells joined by special junctions called intercalated discs |
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Smooth muscle
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NON STRIATED, INVOLUNTARY, found in organs (VISCERAL)
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Sacromeres
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Tiny contractile units that make chains (myofibrils), produce banding pattern, aligned end to end
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Structure of Smooth muscle
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Spindle shaped, single nucleus, most often 2 layered one running circularly, and other longitudinally
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Graded Responses
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Produced 2 ways: TEMPORAL SUMMATION-changing the frequency of muscle stim, or SPATIAL SUMMATION-changing the # of muscle cells being stimulated
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Graded response : FUSED
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AKA complete- No evidence of relaxation in muscles, smooth movements
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Muscle twitch
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incomplete graded response, result of nervous system problems, nerve impulses delivered to muscle at a rapid rate
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Isotonic vs Isometric
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Isotonic- involves shortening of muscles
Isometric contractions-muscles do not shorten |
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Muscular dystrophy
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Most common (Duchenne's) in males, dx'd 2-6yrs, most in w/c by 12 yrs, and dont live beond adulthood
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Myastenia gravis
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affects muscles in adulthood, drooling of upper eyelids, difficulty swallowing and talking, gen weakness and fatigue
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Hamstring Group
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bicepts femoris
semimembranosus semitendinosus |
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The head of the humerus articulates with the...
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glenoid cavity
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Muscle tissue have what properties?
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excitability,
extensibility contractibility |
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Spinal nerves vs cranial nerves
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Spinal- carry impulses to and from the spinal cord
Cranial- carry impulses to and from the brain |
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Bell-Magendie Law
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Info from the PNS enters the spinal cord via it's dorsal surface, and exits via ventral spinal cord
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Sensory nerves vs motor nerves
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sensory- afferent
motor- efferent |
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Within a neuron, the info travels in which direction?
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Dendrite to Cell Body to Axon
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Neuroglia
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Supporting cells in the CNS are lumped together
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Nodes of Ranvier
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Gaps formed d/t Schwann cells wrapped around axons
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Saltatory Conduction
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"to dance" Myelinated neurons carry impulses this way.
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Tracts vs Nerves
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CNS-tracts
PNS-nerves |
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Ganglia
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small collection of cell bodies
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Nuclei
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Clusters of cell bodies that are found in the CNS
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White matter vs Gray
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White- highly mylenated, PNS
Gray- unmylenated, cell bodies, CNS |
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Polarized
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fewer positive ions sitting on the inner face of the neuron's plasma membrane than there are on their outer face of tissue
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Depolarized
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inward rush of sodium ions change polarity of the neuron's membrane at that site
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Repolarixation/hyperpolarize
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outflow of positive ions from the cell restores the electrical conditions at the mem to the polarized, or resting state
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Somatic refleses
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example- pullin hand away from hot pan
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Autonomic reflexes
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regulates activitie of smooth muscles, heart and glands
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Reflex Arc
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Rapid, predictable and involuntary response to stimuli, occurs over neural pathways called reflex arc, CNS and PNS
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Broca's Area
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Found at base of pre central gyrus, ability to speak and say words properly
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