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169 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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List 3 ways the body uses food.
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Builds new tissue (growth), repairs damaged tissue, provides energy.
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What are the 6 steps of digestion?
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Ingestion, secretion, mixing/propulsion, digestion, absorption, defecation.
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What 4 substances are secreted into the lumen of GI tract?
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Water, acid, buffers, enzymes
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Long hollow tube that makes up part of digestive system.
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Alimentary canal
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List some accessory digestive organs.
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Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, pancrease, liver, gall bladder
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What are the 4 basic layers of the alimentary canal from inside to outside?
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Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa
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What are 3 sublayers of mucosa (inside-outside), type of tissue & function?
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Epithelium - non-keratinized stratified squamous (mechanical protection) / simple columnar (absorption). Lamina propria - loose CT carrying BV, lymph vessels, nn, MALT. Muscularis mucosa - smooth mm (makes folds in mucosa to increase surface area).
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What type of tissue is the submucosa layer & what does it contain? Function?
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Fibroelastic CT. Submucosal (meissner) plexus. Mechanical support - holds layers together.
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What type of tissue is the muscularis externa layer & what does it contain? Function?
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Skeletal mm (pharynx, anus, parts of esophagus), smooth mm for swallowing/propulsion. Myenteric plexus.
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What 2 sublayers comprise the serosa layer? In what area of GI tract can this be found?
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Mesothelium - simple squamous epithelium (visceral peritoneum) that lubricates & helps GI tract mov't. Adventitia - underlying loose CT (areolar). Found in GI tract below diaphragm b/c organs move.
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What are the 3 parts of the peritoneum?
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Parietal & visceral layer, peritoneal cavity containing serous fluid.
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List 2 functions of the peritoneum.
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Lubricate & suspend visceral organs.
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What are 3 names for double layer structures of peritoneum?
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Mesentery, ligaments, omentum.
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What are 4 structures that are completely surrounded by peritoneum? What are these referred as?
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Stomach, small intestine, transverse/sigmoid colon. Intra-peritoneal organs.
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What are 4 structures that are partially surrounded by peritoneum? What are these referred as?
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Pancreas, kidney, bladder, rectum. Retro-peritoneal.
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What is the function of the myenteric plexus vs meissner plexus?
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Myenteric - controls muscularis externa. Meissner - controls glands & muscularis mucosa.
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The outer surface of the lips (labia) is lined w/ ___ while inner surface is lined w/ ___ epithelium.
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Skin. Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
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What mm is embedded in lips? What connects the inner surface of the lips to the gingiva & what is its function?
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Orbicularis oris. Labial frenulum - prevents excessive movement of lips.
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Mucosal elevation on inner surface of cheek indicates opening of ___.
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Parotid duct
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What structures form the hard palate on the roof of the oral cavity?
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Palatine process of maxilla, horizontal plates of palatine bones.
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Conical soft tissue at posterior border of soft palate. Prevents food from going into nasal cavity.
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Ovula (uvula)
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2 mucosal folds that form soft palate & boundary b/w oral cavity & oral pharynx.
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Palatoglossal arch, palatopharyngeal arch.
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Gap b/w palatoglossal folds.
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Fauces
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What are the 2 smaller cavities that form the oral cavity?
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Vestibule, oral cavity proper.
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Cavity bounded by lips, cheeks & dental arches?
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Vestibule
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Cavity bounded by teeth, floor of mouth, hard/soft palates.
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Oral cavity proper
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What type of epithelium lines most of the oral cavity except for gingiva, hard palate?
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Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
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What type of epithelium is found on the dorsal surface of the tongue?
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Partially keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
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What are the 2 divisions of the tongue?
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Ant 2/3 - body/oral part. Post 1/3 - root/pharyngeal part.
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What nn controls motor fn of the entire tongue (except palatoglossus)?
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CN 12 - hypoglossal n.
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What nn controls general sensory & taste of the root of the tongue?
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CN 9 - glossopharyngeal n.
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What nn controls general sensory & taste of the body of the tongue?
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CN 5 - mandibular n. (trigeminal) general sensory. CN 7 - facial n. (taste).
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Most numerous lingual papillae that bear no taste buds.
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Filiform papillae
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Type of lingual papillae - mushroom shaped. Contain few taste buds.
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Fungiform papillae
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Type of lingual papillae - longitudinal furrows along side of tongue. Contain few taste buds.
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Follate papillae
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Type of lingual papillae - large, form V shaped row at border of body/root of tongue. Surrounded by a groove the wall of which contains taste buds.
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Vallate (circumvallate) papillae
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Type of epithelium that covers pharyngeal region of tongue.
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Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
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Posterior 1/3 of tongue is mostly made of ___ tissue that make up the ___ tonsils.
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Lymphatic. Lingual.
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Condition where lingual frenulum is underdeveloped & normal tongue movements is limited.
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Ankyloglossia ("stiff tongue")
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How many deciduous (baby) teeth are there? When do they begin to erupt?
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20. About 6 months (1 pair every month).
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How many permanent teeth are there? When do they begin to erupt?
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32. 6 years (replace all by age 17-18).
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What is the function of incisive/canine/molar teeth?
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Incisive - cutting. Canine - shredding. Molar - grinding.
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What are the 3 parts of the tooth?
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Crown (above gingiva), neck (touches gingiva), root (surrounded by bony socket).
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Innermost calcified tissue that encloses pulp cavity w/ loose CT, BV, lymph vessels, nn. Cells producing tissue survive throughout life.
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Dentin (cells - odontoblasts)
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Calcified tissue surrounding dentin in crown area. Hardest substance in body. Protects dentin against mechanical/chemical stresses. Tissue producing cells die at tooth eruption.
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Enamel (cells - ameloblasts)
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Calcified tissue surrounding dentin in root area. Similar to bone. Tissue producing cells continuously produce while they regress.
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Cementum (cells - cementoblasts)
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Ligament that fixes root of tooth to alveolar socket.
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Periodontal ligament
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Salivary gland in front & below ear. Controlled by CN 9 glossopharyngeal. Drains through cheek near 2nd upper molar.
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Parotid gland
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Salivary gland beneath posterior tongue. Controlled by CN 7 facial. Drains into floor of mouth behind central incisive tooth.
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Submandibular gland
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Salivary gland under mucosa of mouth floor. Controlled by CN 7 facial. Several small ducts drain into mouth floor.
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Sublingual gland
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List components of saliva.
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99.5% water, 0.5% solutes. Ions - Na, K, Cl, bicarbonate, phosphate, organic substances, IGA, enzymes (lysozyme, amylase, lingual lipase).
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List 4 functions of saliva.
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Dissolves food (taste), neutralizes pH, digests carbs/fats, assists in body defense.
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Does the sympathetic or parasympathetic system control saliva? Where are sensory stimuli carried in the brain?
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Parasympathetic. Cortex to hypothalamus, brainstem.
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At what level does the esophagus start?
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Cricoid cartilage or C6
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What 2 parts of the brain control swallowing in the pharynx?
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Medulla oblongata, pons
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What is the last cavity where swallowing is voluntary?
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Oropharynx
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What nn carries sensory receptors in the pharynx to the brain stem? What nn sends motor impulses to the pharyngeal mm to stimulate swallowing?
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CN 9 glossopharyngeal. CN 10 vagus.
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What sits anterior vs. posterior to esophagus?
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Post - upper thoracic vert & aorta. Ant - trachea, L atrium.
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What part of the brain controls peristalsis in the esophagus?
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Medulla oblongata
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What direction are mm fibers in the esophagus?
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Inner circular. Outer longitudinal.
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Mucous glands are only found in what 2 parts of the GI tract? Function?
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Esophagus, duodenum (small intestine). Protect against stomach acid.
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Condition where cardiac sphincter doesn't completely hold back stomach content. Burning sensation felt. Area prone to malignancies.
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Heart burn (gastro-esophageal reflux disease)
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Average capacity of stomach. Contents is called ___.
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1 L. Chyme.
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Stomach is found in what region? Where do the following organs lie in relation to the stomach? Diaphragm, pancreas, left kidney, liver.
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L hypochondriac. Diaphragm sup, ant. Pancreas/L kidney post. Liver R, ant.
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Part of stomach located above cardia vs. below.
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Fundus. Body.
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Distal part of stomach body divides into what 3 compartments?
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Pyloric antrum, pyloric canal, pyloric sphincter
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What artery supplies the stomach? Autonomic innervation?
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Celiac a. Celiac plexus.
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What are the 3 layers of the stomach muscularis externa in order from innermost to outermost?
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Oblique, circular, longitudinal
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Folds of mucosa/submucosa that disappear in the distended stomach.
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Rugae
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Type of epithelium in stomach.
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Simple columnar epithelium
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Stomach glands consist of what 4 types of cells? What do they secrete?
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Mucous neck, parietal (hydrochloric acid, gastric intrinsic factor), chief (pepsin, rennin, lipase), DNES (hormones) cells
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Which stomach layer is loose CT, contains gastric glands, BVs, lymphoid cells?
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Lamina propria
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Myenteric plexus is located b/w what 2 stomach mm layers?
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Circular, longitudinal layers
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Cell located at junction of gastric pit & neck of gland. Produce mucous.
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Mucous neck cell
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Cell located in proximal part of gastric gland. Produce HCl acid, GIF.
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Parietal (oxyntic) cell
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Cell in distal part of gastric gland. Produces enzymes pepsinogen (inactive), gastric lipase, renin.
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Chief (zymogenic) cell
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Cell in base of gastric gland. Produces hormones, ie gastrin which regulates stomach fn.
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APUD (part of DNES) cell
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What is the active form of pepsinogen?
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Pepsin
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Describe the chemical exchange/reactions that occur in the parietal cells w/ regards to the stomach & blood.
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Apical membrane - H+ out, K+ in. Basal - HCO3- out into BV (alkaline tide), Cl- in. H+, Cl- combine in stomach lumen to form HCl acid.
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List 6 functions of HCl acid.
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Kills microbes, degrades large proteins, deactivates salivary amylase, activates lingual lipase, converts pepsinogen to pepsin, stimulates bile/pancreatic juice secretion.
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What are the 3 phases of gastric secretion regulation?
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Cephalic, gastric, intestinal.
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Describe the cephalic phase of gastric secretion. What is the stimulus, control centers, effector nerve, & plexuses, effectors? Is this pos/neg feedback?
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Food activates cortex, hypothalamus, medulla. Vagus nerve sends impulses to submucosal plexus (glands), myenteric plexus (mm mov't). Pos feedback.
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Which part of the duodenum is the least protected by acidic chyme?
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Superior (1st part)
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Describe the gastric phase of gastric secretion. What is the stimulus, control centers, nerve plexus, effectors? Is this pos/neg feedback?
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Mechanical/chemical receptors detect stomach stretch, chyme pH level. Submucosal plexus (via medulla) tell parietal cells to secrete HCl & smooth mm contracts. Pos feedback.
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Describe the intestinal phase of gastric secretion. What is the stimulus, control centers, nerve plexus, effectors? Is this pos/neg feedback?
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Duodenum receptors detect stretch, fatty acid, glucose. Stomach mov't & secretion is decreased directly by enzymes CCK, secretin. Indirectly by medulla. Neg feedback.
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What is the function of CCK vs secretin in the stomach?
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CCK decreases stomach mov't. Secretin decreases gastric juices.
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What are the 4 parts of the duodenum?
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Superior, descending, transverse, ascending (C-shape)
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Type of epithelium in duodenum.
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Simple columnar epithelium
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Which layer causes circular foldings in the duodenum mucosa?
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Muscularis mucosa
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Where is pancreatic juice/bile secreted in the duodenum?
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Descending (2nd part) at minor & major duodenal papillae.
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Duodenum secretes what 2 important enzymes?
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CCK, secretin
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What is the ratio of endocrine vs. exocrine glands in the pancreas?
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98% exocrine, 2% endocrine
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What are the 3 parts of the pancreas, what surrounding structure do each relate to, & which part contains the endocrine glands?
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Head (duodenum), body (stomach), tail (spleen) - contains endocrine glands.
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The (minor/major) pancreatic duct joints w/ ___ to form ___, which drains into duodenum on elevation called ___.
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Major. Bile duct. Hepato-pancreatic ampulla (of Vater). Major duodenal papilla.
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Endocrine part of pancreas are called ___. What are 4 hormones that it secretes?
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Islets of Langerhans. Insulin, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide, glucagon.
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Exocrine pancreas is a ___ ___ gland. Cells at the center of the acinus are called ___ cells.
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Compound tubuloacinar. Centroacinar.
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Pancreas produces ___-___ L of juices per day.
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1.2-1.5 L
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What are 3 functions of the sodium bicarbonate released by pancreas?
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Buffers acidic chyme, deactivates pepsin, activates intestinal enzymes.
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What are 5 pancreatic enzymes and what do each digest?
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Amylase (carbs), trypsin (proteins), lipase (triglycerides), ribonuclease (RNA), deoxyribonuclease (DNA)
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Which pancreatic enzyme is secreted in inactive form, its name, and what other enzyme activates it on contact?
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Trypsin. Trypsinogen (inactive). Enterokinase.
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What hormones control secretion of bicarbonate ions, digestive enzymes in pancreas? Where are they released? What controls their release?
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Secretin (bicarbonate ions), CCK (enzymes). Produced in small intestine. Influenced by vagus n, local stimuli (partially digested lipids, proteins, chyme pH).
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What areas is the liver located?
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URQ, or R hypochondriac & epigastric area
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What are the 4 liver lobes?
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R, L, caudate, quadrate
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Which ligament attaches from the anterior liver to anterior abdominal wall? What structure is found on the lower border of this ligament & what is it a remnant of?
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Falciform. Teres ligament. Umbilical vein.
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What are 4 main functions of the liver?
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Dual exocrine (bile) & endocrine (proteins) glands, metabolizes carbs/proteins/fat, metabolizes drugs, alcohol, detoxifies noxious substances.
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Hexagonal plates of hepatocytes w/ portal triads at periphery and central vein in center.
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Lobules
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Liver sinusoids vs canaliculi carry what substances?
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Sinusoids - blood. Canaliculi - bile.
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What type of cell junction seals hepatocytes to form canaliculi and prevent bile leakage?
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Tight junctions
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What is the flow of bile?
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Canaliculi, bile ductules (triads), R/L hepatic duct, common hepatic duct, cystic duct from gallbladder, common bile duct, major pancreatic duct, ampulla of vater, duodenum.
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What are the 2 sources of blood supply to the liver?
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Hepatic a, hepatic portal vein (nutrient rich).
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What is the blood flow pathway in the liver?
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Hepatic a + hepatic portal vein, liver sinusoids, central vein, hepatic vein, inferior vena cava.
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What are the 3 components of bile and where are each from?
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Bile salt (hepatocytes), bile acid (intestine), bilirubin (spleen).
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Macrophage in liver that digests old blood cells & bacteria.
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Kupffer's cells
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What are 5 functions of hepatocytes?
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Detoxify noxious substances, filter thyroid/adrenal hormones, store glucose as glycogen/triglycerides, cleave NH2 from amino acids to make carbs/fat, make blood proteins for coagulation.
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What 4 organic substances does the liver metabolize?
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Fatty acids, triglycerides, cholesterol, lipoproteins.
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Type of epithelium in gall bladder.
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Simple columnar epithelium
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What's the function of the gall bladder?
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Stores, concentrates and releases bile. This emulsifies fat & increases surface area for further breakdown.
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How much bile is released per day and what can increase this volume?
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0.8-1 L / day. Vagus n.
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What is the effect of CCK & secretin on the gall bladder & liver?
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CCK contracts smooth mm and releases bile. Secretin signals hepatocytes to release HCO3- which buffers chyme (also released by centroacinar cells).
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Where does the small intestine start & end?
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Starts pylorus. Ends ileocecal valve.
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What are the 3 parts of the small intestine? What area are the 2nd 2 found?
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Duodenum, jejunum (umbilical), ileum (hypogastric)
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Double layer peritoneum that attaches small intestine to posterior abdominal wall (retro-peritoneal).
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Mesentery
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What are the main functions of the small intestine?
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Chemical/mechanical digestion, nutrient/water absorption
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What tissue layer holds the villi (folds) of the small intestine? How do the villi's shape/#/absorption rate change throughout the small intestine?
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Mucosa. Villi become shorter, less numerous = slower absorption rate from duodenum to ileum.
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What tissue layer of small intestine has circular folds? Fn?
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Submucosa. Moves chyme in spiral movt.
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Fingerlike projections on apical surface of enterocytes that increase absorption area.
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Microvilli
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What is the most active part of the small intestine?
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Duodenum
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Type of epithelium in small intestine.
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Simple columnar epithelium
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Does the # of goblet cells increase/decrease as you move farther into the small intestine?
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Increase
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Intestinal glands are also known as ___. They consist of 3 types of cells.
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Crypts of Lieberkuhn. Goblet, paneth, DNES.
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Gland cell of small intestine that produces lysozyme & phagocytoses bacteria.
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Paneth cell
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What are the 3 types of DNES cells in the small intestine?
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S (secretin), CCK, K (glucose dependent insulinotropic peptide)
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Layer of small intestine w/ loose CT & glands, lacteal & BV. Contains lymph nodules called ___ in ileum.
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Lamina propria. Peyer's patches.
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Layer of small intestine w/ dense CT & mucous glands of Brunner found only in duodenum.
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Submucosa
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Amount of alkaline juice produced by small intestine per day.
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1.5 L
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Epithelial cells of small intestine make different enzymes for ___ & ___ digestion.
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Carb & protein
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Type of movt that happens only in small intestine. Fn is to mix chyme w/ intestinal juices. 8-12 movt / min.
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Segmentation
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Peristalsis cycle from stomach-ileum is ___ hrs. Chyme stays in small intestine ___ hrs.
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1.5-2 hrs. 3-5 hrs.
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Type of carb that is indigestible.
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Cellulose (fiber)
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Digestion of carbs is started by ___ & ___ before brush border enzymes convert them to ___ (120gr/min).
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Salivary & pancreatic amylase. Monosaccharide.
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Digestion of protein starts in ___ & ___ & finished by BBE of small intestine. Most absorbed as ___ & some as ___/___.
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Stomach, duodenum. Amino acids. Di/tripeptides.
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50% of proteins come from ___ & other 50% from ___.
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Ingested food. GI tract enzymes.
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Lipid digestion occurs in ___ & ___. Triglycerides converted to ___.
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Stomach, duodenum. Monoglycerides.
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What is the pathway of chylomicrons?
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Small intestine, lacteal, thoracic duct, blood, hepatocytes/adipocytes breakdown triglycerides into fatty acids/glycerol.
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Nucleic acids starts in ___ & finished by BBE of small intestine which converts ___ & ___ into phosphate, pentose, nitrogenous bases.
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Duodenum. DNA/RNA.
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Positive ions (Na+, K+) are (symported/antiported) by carbs or di/tripeptides.
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Symported
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Vitamins follow ___ or ___. Vitamin B12 absorbed in conjunction w/ ___ through active transport.
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Lipids. Water. GIF.
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Water is absorbed through ___ & maintained by what 3 substances?
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Osmosis. Electrolytes, carbs, proteins.
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What are 6 segments of the large intestine?
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Cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum.
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Which 3 large intestine segments are retroperitoneal?
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Ascending colon, descending colon, rectum
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First part of large intestine bearing appendix.
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Cecum
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Segment of large intestine b/w cecum & right colic flexure.
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Ascending colon
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Segment of large intestine w/ true mesentry.
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Transverse colon
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Segment of large intestine b/w left colic flexure & sigmoid colon.
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Descending colon
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S-shaped segment of large intestine w/ mesocolon.
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Sigmoid colon
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Last large intestine segment leading to anal canal.
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Rectum
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Series of pouches formed by the contraction of teniae coli in the large intestine.
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Haustra
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Small pouches of visceral peritoneum filled w/ fat attached to teniae coli.
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Omental (fatty) appendices
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What is the type of transport used for the following substances when they 1) enter enterocytes & b) leave enterocytes & enter blood. Glucose/galactose, fructose, amino acids, di/tripeptides, short-chain fatty acids, long-chain fatty acids/monoglycerides.
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See handout p32.
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In the lamina propria of the large intestine, what 2 types of cells are found in the crypts of Lieberkuhn (glands)? What else is found in this layer?
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Goblet, DNES cells. Lymphatic nodules.
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The mm externa of the large intestine is different b/c the outer longitudinal layer is setup as 3 bands called ___.
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Taenia coli
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Passage of food from ileum to large intestine is controlled by ___. What causes this structure to open/close?
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Ileocecal valve. Gastrin relaxes valve (ileum distension). Cecum distension closes valve.
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Specific movt of large intestine is known as ___.
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Haustral churning
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Large intestine movt stimulated by stomach that starts at middle of transverse colon & rapidly delivers content to rectum. What reflex controls this?
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Mass peristalsis. Gastrocolic reflex.
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What enzymes are secreted in large intestine?
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None.
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Bacteria in large intestine ___ remaining carbs/proteins. This produces gases (H2, CH4, CO2, H2S), vitamins ___&___, indole, skatole, & ___.
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Ferment. B & K. Stercobilin.
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Name 2 feedback loops that regulate digestive system smooth mm for propulsive/mixing movts.
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Hormonal, neural feedback loops
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What are the 3 stages of deglutition & are they voluntary/involuntary?
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1) voluntary - tongue pushes bolus into oropharynx. 2) involuntary pharyngeal - bolus moves from laryngopharynx to esophagus. 3) involuntary - bolus travels down esophagus via peristalsis.
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Describe gastroileal reflex. What is the stimulus?
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Food distends stomach, peristalsis increases & forces chyme through ileocecal valve into cecum.
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