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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What represents: total body water isnot only function of age & body mass, but also sex and amt of body fat (eg.infants are ~73% and elderly ~45%, median about 50%) |
fluid balance |
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fluid in total body |
40L |
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fluid compartments (40L): 2/3: ___________ fluid (ICF) - _________ 1/3: ___________fluid (ECF) - _________ & _________ |
intracellular fluid: cells extracellular fluid: plasma & interstitial fluid ( IF) (fluid as lymph, CSF,eye humors, synovial, GI, etc.. considered IF)----water is universal solventfor a |
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2 solutes |
electrolyte : non electrolyte |
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which solute ionicsubstances (ionic bonds), conducts electricity NaClà Na+ + Cl- |
electrolyte |
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which solute usuallyorganic substances (covalent bonds), does not conduct electricity sucrose à glucose + fructose |
non electrolyte |
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osmotic and hydro-static pressures regulate the continuous exchange and mixing of bodilyfluids; although water moves freely b/t compartments along _________ gradients,solutes are unequally distributed due to their _____, _______, ordependence on transport ________. |
-osmotic -electrical charge -dependence on transport proteins |
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we move about ________ mL of "water" per day |
2500 mL |
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ingested + producedvia respiration |
metabolic water or water of oxidation |
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ingested + producedvia respiration called metabolic water or water of oxidation |
input |
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: loss via lungs or diffuse through skin(insensible loss) + perspiration + feces + urine (about 60%) |
output |
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waterintake controlled via thirst and under control of anti diuretic hormone (causeskidneys to conserve water and concentrate urine) |
fact |
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Thirst is controlled at__________ activated via________________ dry mouth, low BP or blood volume; receptors in control area also trigger/inhibit __________ secretion from post pituitary |
hypothalamus
osmoreceptors ADH |
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some water output isunavoidable (about 500mL/day) due to normal physiology, why we cannot survivefor long w/out water |
obligatory water loss |
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fluid loss |
dehydration |
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resulting from hemorrhaging, severe burns, prolonged vomiting or diarrhea, profuse sweating, water deprivation, diuretic abuse, endocrine disruptors |
dehydration |
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-Na+holds a central role in fluid/electrolyte balance and overall homeostasis, yetno receptor to monitor its conc has been found -Na+balance is directly linked to blood vol and pressure, so baroreceptors (BPreceptors) indirectly monitor |
electrolyte balance |
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-normal arterial bloodis pH -venous pH |
7.4 7.35 |
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normal IF is normal ICF is |
7.35 7.0 |
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a drop in arterial blood pH below 7.35 |
acidosis
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a rise in arterial blood pH above 7.45 |
alkalosis
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although small amtsof acid enter through ingested foods, most originate as metabolic by-productsor end products: -lactic acid from ____________ -organic acids(fatty acids ketone bodies) from _______ -carbonic acid from __________ |
-proteins -anaerobic respiration -fat metabolism -transportation of CO2 in respiration |
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H+ concentration in blood is regulated via: |
1. chemical buffering systems 2. brain stem respiration center 3. renal mechanisms |
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resist change in pH when an acid or base is added |
buffer |
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3 major buffer system in body |
1.bicarbonate 2.phosphate 3.protein |
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carbonic acid (H2CO3)& its salt sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) |
carbonate buffer system |
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*dihydrogen phosphate(H2PO4-) & monohydrogen phosphate (HPO4-2) |
phosphate buffer system |
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eg. hemoglobin buffer |
protein buffer system |
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-CO2and O2 movement central to regulation because of carbonic acid -if H+ is rising,respiratory center of the brain stimulates deeper, more rapid respiration(more CO2 removed from blood) and if blood pH rises, the respiratorycenter is depressed and subsequently respiration becomes shallower and CO2accumulates |
respiratory regulation of pH |
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-kidneysare the ultimate acid-base regulators -lungs are great at regulatingvolatile acids such as CO2, but only the kidneys canregulate non-volatile acids such as phosphoric, uric, and lactic acid andketone bodies |
renal mechanism of pH regulation |
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when aperson breathes shallowly or when gas exchange is affected by variousrespiratory diseases, CO2 accumulates in blood; falling blood pH andrising PCO2 |
respiratory acidosis |
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when CO2is eliminated from the body faster than it is produced, happens whenhyperventilating, often due to stress or pain; blood becoming more alkaline(breathing into a paper bag…) |
hyperventilating |
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too muchalcohol (which is metabolized to acetic acid), build up of lactic acid fromexercise/shock, ketosis (excess levels of ketone bodies from lipid metabolism)that occurs in diabetic events/starvation |
metabolic acidosis |
