A&p 2 Week 2

Front 1

2 types of glands

Back 1

exocrine- secrete into ducts
endocrine- secrete into interstitial fluid

Front 2

5 true endocrine glands

Back 2

1) pituitary
2) thyroid
3) parathyroid
4) adrenal
5) pineal

Front 3

other organs and tissues that have endocrine functions

Back 3

hypothalmus
pancreas
ovaries
testes
kidneys
stomach
liver
heart
adipose tissue
placenta

Front 4

Fx of hormones

Back 4

chemical messengers the regulate metabolism and development of the body

Front 5

3 methods of hormone regulation

Back 5

1) signals from nervous system
2) chemical change in blood
3) other hormones thru negative feedback

Front 6

'master' gland is ______

Back 6

pituitary- secretes several hormones that control other glands and is in turn controlled by hypothalmus

Front 7

anterior pituitary hormones

Back 7

*Human Growth Hormone (hGH)
*Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
*Prolectin (PRL)
*Adrenocortotropic Hormone (ACTH)

Front 8

Posterior Pituitary Hormones

Back 8

Oxytocin
Anitdiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Front 9

Human Growth Hormone (hGH)

Back 9

-stimulates general body growth
-regulates metabolism

Front 10

diseases of Human Growth Hormone (hGH)

Back 10

hypersecretion in adults -> Acromegaly
hypersecretion in kids-> gigantism
hyposecretion ->pituitary dwarfism

Front 11

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Back 11

-stimulates thyroid gland to synthesize &release thyroid hormones (T3/T4)

Front 12

diseases of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Back 12

Simond's-Sheehan's Syndrome may cause hyposecretion and symptoms of hypothyroidism

Front 13

Prolectin (PRL)

Back 13

-brings about milk secretion

Front 14

diseases of Prolectin (PRL)

Back 14

Abnormal Secretion syndrome-> abnormal milk secretion can be caused by emotional factors (depression\stress)

Front 15

Adrenocortotropic Hormone (ACTH)

Back 15

-controls production and secretion of glucocorticoids

Front 16

Oxytocin

Back 16

-During deliver, enhances contraction of smooth muscle
-after delivery, stimulates milk ejection

Front 17

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) or vasopressin

Back 17

-promotes water resorption
-decreases urine production
-decreases H2O loss thru sweating
-causes constriction of arteriole the at enhances BP

Front 18

diseases of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Back 18

-deficiency causes diabetes insipidus
Dx by having pt stop H2O intake for 6 hrs if still pees a lot then DI

Front 19

Thyroid gland

Back 19

-just below larynx
-follicular cells produce T3 & T4
-parafollicular cells produce calcitonin

Front 20

Thyroid hormone (T4 & T3)

Back 20

T4 - inactive extra iodine molecule is for storage
T3 - 3 atoms of iodine
-increase basal metabolic rate
-increase O2 use
-increase cellular metabolism
-increase growth & development of body
-secretion regulated by hypothalmic releasing hormone and TSH (may be influenced by weather)

Front 21

hyperthyroidism

Back 21

S/S:
-goiter
-big bulging eyes
-increase MR
-increase HR

Front 22

hypothyroidism

Back 22

adult -> myxedema
S/S:
-orange swollen cheeks
-increase MR
child -> cretinism
S/S:
-physical retardation
-mental retardation

Front 23

calcitonin

Back 23

-decrease level of Ca in blood by promoting movement into bone matrix
-regulated by blood level of Ca

Front 24

Parathyroid glands

Back 24

-4 small glands located on posterior surface of thyroid glands (just below larynx)
-produce parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Front 25

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Back 25

-major regulator of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate in blood
-promotes formation of active Vit. D (calcitrol)

Front 26

glucocorticoids

Back 26

- part of the feedback mechanism in the immune system that turns immune activity (inflammation) down.
- used in medicine to treat diseases that are caused by an overactive immune system, such as allergies, asthma, autoimmune diseases and sepsis.

Front 27

diseases of parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Back 27

hyperparathyroidism - hypersecretion of PTH -> hypocalcemia, osteoporosis, and KD stones

Front 28

Adrenal glands

Back 28

-composed of:
1) adrenal cortex
2) adrenal medulla

Front 29

adrenal cortex hormones

Back 29

1) mineralocorticoids (outer)
2) glucocorticoids (middle)
3) androgen (inner)

Front 30

adrenal medulla hormones

Back 30

1) epinephrine
2) norepinephrine

Front 31

mineralocorticoids

Back 31

-control homeostasis of H2O
-control homeostasis of sodium
-control homeostasis of potassium
-most active is aldosterone

Front 32

glucocorticoids

Back 32

-promote protein breakdown into amino acids
-resistance to stress, cause vasoconstriction, and elevate BP
-most abundant is cortisol

Front 33

androgen/estrogen

Back 33

female:
-contribute to libido
-converted into estrogen (main source after menopause)
male/female:
-stimulates growth of axillary/pubic hair
-stimulates prepubertal growth spurt

Front 34

epinephrine
norepinephrine

Back 34

-helps body resist stress by:
>increase HR
>increase cardiac muscle contractile force
> increase blood flow to organs
>increase BP

Front 35

disease of mineralocorticoids

Back 35

primary aldosteronism -> hypersecretion causes increase in BP (increase in sodium level & water volume) and decrease in K

Front 36

disease ofglucocorticoids

Back 36

hypersecretion -> Cushing's syndrome - moon face, central obesity,
hyposecretion ->Addison's Disease

Front 37

diseases of adrenal glands

Back 37

males: sexual precocity
females: virilization

Front 38

pancreas

Back 38

-flattened organ located in curve of duodenum
- has both endocrine and exocrine functions
-produces glucagon and insulin

Front 39

glucagon

Back 39

-increases blood glucose levels when it falls below normal

Front 40

insulin

Back 40

-decreases blood glucose level

Front 41

increased epi/norepi causes?

Back 41

pheochromocytoma

Front 42

decreased insulin causes?

Back 42

diabetes mellitus

Front 43

increased ACTH causes?

Back 43

Cushing's

Front 44

decreased ACTH causes?

Back 44

Simond's-Sheehan's

Front 45

increased PRL causes?

Back 45

Prolactinoma