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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What hormones does the pancreas produce? What are their functions?
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1) Alpha (A cells)
-glucagon: increase blood sugar 2) Beta (B cells) -Insulin: decrease blood sugar 3) Delta (D cells) -Somatostatin (GHIH): stops secretion of insulin, glucagon, GHIH 4) F cells -Pancreatic Polypeptide: stop secretion of all enzymes made by pancreas |
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Which stem cells become lymphocytes? Myeloid or Lymphoid?
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Lymphoid
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What will megakaryocytes become?
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Platelets
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List the hormones of the adenohypophysis and their releasing hormones from the hypothalamus.
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- hGH --> GHRH
- TSH --> TRH - FSH --> GnRH - LH --> GnRH - PRL --> PRH - ACTH --> CRH - MSH --> CRH |
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List all steps to Renin- Angiotensin- Aldosterone.
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1) Renin converts Angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
2) Angiotensin I converted to Ang II by Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE Inhibitor) 3) Ang II is Vasoconstrictor and cause release of aldosterone 4) Aldosterone causes increase Na+ = increase blood vol = increase blood pressure |
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Name two antagonist hormones. Explain what each antagonist hormone does.
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Insulin & Glucagon
-Insulin: lower blood sugar -Glucagon: raises blood sugar |
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What blood type is the universal donor? Universal recipient?
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-Universal Donor: Type O
-Universal Recipient: AB |
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Where are the antagonist hormones manufactured
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Insulin and glucagon are manufactured in the pancreas.
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How are the thyroid hormone made?
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1) Follicular cell pulls iodide out of the blood
2) Turn 2 I to I2 then puts it into the colloid 3) Follicular cells make TGB and put it into the colloid 4) TGB + Iodine = T1 and T2 5) T1 and T2 pair up to make T3 and T4 6) T3 and T4 secrets back into the blood by riding on (TBG) transport protein |
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What does an elevated TSH level indicated?
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Hyperthyroid
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Besides vascular spasm, what are the other two ways the blood loss can be controlled. Explain their pathways.
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-Platelets & Coagulation
-Platelets: have three chemicals ADP, Thromebarne A2, & serotonin *ADP&Thromebarne A2 make platelets sticky * Thromebarne A2 & serotonin act as a vasoconstrictor -Coagulation: Prothrobinase converts prothrombin to thrombin, thrombin converts to fibrinogen to fibrin |
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List the five leukocytes. What does an increase level of each indicate?
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Neutrophil- bacterial Granular
Leukocyte- viral Monocytes- Fungi,TB Eosinophil- parasite Basophil- cancer, hypothyroid |
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What is leukopenia?
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<5,000 WBC
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How long is the life of an erythrocyte? Where are they produced?
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-120 days (4 months)
-They're produced in the red bone marrow |
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What is the fate of hemoglobin?
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*Hemoglobin splits into two parts: heme & globin
*Globin recycles the amino acids (protein). *Heme has two parts: iron & pigment -Iron: Transferrin transports iron to the ferritin, picks that up later and recycle it in the red bone marrow -Pigment: (cannot be recycled) Biliverdin and bilirubin turns into urobilinogen and it breaks up into sterobin (feces) and urobilin (urian) |
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What is hemolytic disease of the newborn?
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When a Rh- mother has an Rh+ fetus. Her body builds antibodies to attack the fetus. The 1st baby dies but rest live
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What is plasma mainly composed of? What are the plasma proteins and their functions?
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- Mainly composed of water
Plasma Proteins -Albumin: transport -Globulin: immunity -Fibrinogen: make blood clotsa |
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Atenolol is a commonly known beta block, which are receptors for epinephrine. How does this help with hypertension?
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....
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Which pituitary hormones work on negative feedback system?
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-TSH
-FSH -LH -ACTH -MSH |
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Cell Mediated
(T cell) |
1) A macrophage eats antigens
2) The antigen is presented on the surface of the macrophage in MHC II 3) A helper T cell w/ the same antibody on surface binds to the MHC II containing the antigen 4) Helper T cell then activates cytotoxic T cells 5) Cytotoxic T cells then patrol the body looking for other infected cell 6) When cytotoxic T cell finds an infected cell, it binds to the MHC I receptor containing the antigen present on the surface 7) Cytotoxic T cells will then release Interferon to slow down the infected cell's reproduction, later causing cell to undergo apoptosis |
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Cell Mediated
(T cell) |
1) A macrophage eats antigens
2) The antigen is presented on the surface of the macrophage in MHC II 3) A helper T cell w/ the same antibody on surface binds to the MHC II containing the antigen 4) Helper T cell then activates cytotoxic T cells 5) Cytotoxic T cells then patrol the body looking for other infected cell 6) When cytotoxic T cell finds an infected cell, it binds to the MHC I receptor containing the antigen present on the surface 7) Cytotoxic T cells will then release Interferon to slow down the infected cell's reproduction, later causing cell to undergo apoptosis |
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Antibody-Mediated
(B Cells) |
1) B cells, have antibodies attached to their surface which, will bind to an antigen floating around the blood
2) The antigen subsequently presents on the B cell surface in a MHC II receptor 3) A helper T cell containing the same antibody will bind to MHC II receptor 4) Causing the B cell to differentiate into plasma cells and memory cells 5) Plasma cells generate free floating antibodies, memory B cells stay around in case of later infection |
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Cell Mediated
(T cell) |
1) A macrophage eats antigens
2) The antigen is presented on the surface of the macrophage in MHC II 3) A helper T cell w/ the same antibody on surface binds to the MHC II containing the antigen 4) Helper T cell then activates cytotoxic T cells 5) Cytotoxic T cells then patrol the body looking for other infected cell 6) When cytotoxic T cell finds an infected cell, it binds to the MHC I receptor containing the antigen present on the surface 7) Cytotoxic T cells will then release Interferon to slow down the infected cell's reproduction, later causing cell to undergo apoptosis |
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Antibody-Mediated
(B Cells) |
1) B cells, have antibodies attached to their surface which, will bind to an antigen floating around the blood
2) The antigen subsequently presents on the B cell surface in a MHC II receptor 3) A helper T cell containing the same antibody will bind to MHC II receptor 4) Causing the B cell to differentiate into plasma cells and memory cells 5) Plasma cells generate free floating antibodies, memory B cells stay around in case of later infection |
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Which type of cell assists in both these processes?
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Helper T Cell
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Name four different types of organisms that can infect a person. Which one of them is endogenous?
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A) -Virus
-Parasites -Fungus -Bacteria B) Virus |
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List the flow of blood through the heart include the lungs and tissues (cells). Identity which carry oxygenated blood.
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Rt Atrium ➡️ Tricuspid Valve ➡️ Rt Ventricle ➡️ Pulmonary Valve ➡️ Pulmonary Truck ➡️ Pulmonary Arteries ➡️ Lungs (Deoxygenated) ➡️ Pulmonary Veins ➡️ Lt Atrium ➡️ Mitral Valve ➡️ Lt Ventricle ➡️ Aorta Valve ➡️ Aorta ➡️ Arteries Tissue ➡️ Veins ➡️ Vena Cava ➡️ Rt Atrium
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What factors contribute to heart rate? Include chemical and neurological.
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...
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What factor regulate stroke volume? List them and explain.
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....
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What factors contribute to heart rate? Include chemical and neurological.
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Neurological:
-Beroreceptors- Blood pressure -Chemoreceptors- Monitor chemicals -Proprioreceptors- Monitor Limb movement ANS- vagus nerve (x) Chemical: -Epinephrine -Na+, K+ decrease heart rate & contractility -Ca+ increase heart rate |
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What factor regulate stroke volume? List them and explain.
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Preload: Amount of stretching in ventricle
Contractility: Forcefulness of contraction Afterload: Amount of pressure exceeded before ventricular ejection |
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What are the other names for deep and shallow breathing? What are two factors responsible for increasing the volume capacity of the lungs?
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A) -Diaphragnic 75%
-Costal 25% B) -Diaphragan -External Intercostal |
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What are the three laws pertaining to respiration? Explain them.
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-Boyle's Law: Inverse relationship between volume and pressure
-Dalton's Law: Each gas exerts it's own independent pressure -Henry's Law: Quality of gas dissolving in a liquid is proportion to: 1)Partial pressure of gas 2) Solubility |
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How does gas move through the respiratory membrane? What are the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in oxygenated blood? In deoxygenated blood?
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1) Diffusion
2) O2: 100-45 mmHg; CO2: 45-40mmHg |
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What factors influence the affinity of oxygen to hemoglobin? Explain how.
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- pH decrease; Affinity decrease
- Heat increase; Affinity decrease - BPG increase; Affinity decrease - PCO2 increase; Affinity decrease |
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What makes up the respiratory membrane? Where is it found? What type of cell makes surfactant?
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1) -Type I & II alveolar
-Epithelial Basement Membrane -Capillary Endothelial 2) Lungs 3) Type 2 |
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In milliliters, what is the tidal volume? what percentage of that air actually reaches the capillaries.
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-500mL
-70% |
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What factors affect the rate of gas exchange? Why is the air "thin" in the mountains?
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1. a)Partial pressure difference b)membrane thickness c)surface area of gas exchange d) ventilation perfusion ratio
2. Air pressure is less up in the mountains, so the air there is dense |
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Explain the cardiac cycle including events of systole, diastole, and valve position.
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Atrial: Atrium contracting, ventricle is relaxed; AV valve open,SL valve closed; blood fills up into the ventricle EDV=130mL
Ventricular: Atrium is relaxed; ventricle is contracting; SL valve are opened AV valve closed Relaxation: All valves are closed for a moment |
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What is the pacemaker of the heart called? If it fails, what can compensate for it?
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-SA node is the pacemaker
-AV node compensates if the pacemaker fails |
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What is the function of the small intestine? How is it adapted to preform that function?
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-Responsible for breaking down food,,
-these three help break down food, 1) Duodenum 2) Jejunum 3) ilei -when the stomach is full it tells the brain to slow down or stop. So it can process what's already in the intestines. -Chemical breakdown use circular folds,villi, and microvilli (brush border): sucrase, lactase, and maltase |
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Explain what happens in the three phase of digestion. Include any chemicals and neurological competent.
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1) Cephalic Phase
-Thoughts of food, etc 2) Gastric Phase (food in stomach) -Stretch receptor, chemoreceptors-pH, gastric relaxes 3) Intestinal Phase (food in intestine) -CCK: gallbladder, tells pancreas to release enzymes -Secretin: stops gastric emptying, tells pancreas to release bicarbonate ** both: Stimulates pancreatic juices |
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List the enzyme that deal with carbohydrate. Where is each manufactured? What is their substrate?
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Made by pancreas:
-Amylase ➡️ Starch -Lipase ➡️ Lipid -Trypsinogen + Enterokinase = Tsypsin -Chymotrypsinogen -Procarboxypeptidase + Trypsin -Proaminopeptidase Pepsin |
