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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Olfactory Hairs
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cilia that project from dendrite that are sites of olfactory transduction
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Supporting cells of olfactory
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Columnar epithelial cells of mucous membrane lining nose & provides support, nourishment, and detoxify chemicals
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Basal cells
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Stem cells located under supporting cells that undergo cell division to produce new olfactory receptors
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Bowman's glands
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Olfactory glands that produce mucus that is carried to surface of epithelium by ducts
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Hyposmia
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Reduced ability to smell
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Taste Bud Components
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Supporting cells
Gustatory receptor cells Gustatory hair Taste pore Basal cells |
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Papillae & 3 types
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Elevations on the tongue that contain taste buds
-Vallate papillae - Inverted V shape row -Fungiform papillae - Mushroomlike elevations scattered over entire surface tongue -Foliate papillae - on lateral sides of tongue and most degenerate during childhood |
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Filiform Papillae
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Pointed structures that have tactile receptors but no taste buds for movement of food
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Palpebrae
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Eyelids
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Levator palpebrae superioris muscle
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Lifts upper eyelid
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Palpebral fissure & 2 parts
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Space between eyelids that exposes eyeball
Lateral & medial commissure |
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Lacrimal Carnucle
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Small reddish elevation in the medial commisure that contains sebaceous and sudoriferous glands
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Tarsal plate
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Thick fold of connective tissue that gives form and support to the eyelids
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Meibomian glands
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aka tarsal glands secretes fluid to keep eyelids from adhering to each other
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chalazion
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tumor or cyst due to infection of tarsal glands
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Conjunctiva & parts
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Thin protective mucous membrane
Palperal conjunctiva linds inner eyelids Bulbar conjunctiva passes from eyelid onto surface of eye ball |
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Bloodshot eyes
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Dialation and congestion of blood vessels of the bulbar conjunctiva
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Sebaceous ciliary glands and infection?
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Sebaceous glands at base of hair follicle of eyelashes & an infection there is called a sty
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Lacriminal Apparatus composition
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Lacrimal glands drains into excretory lacrimal ducts in the palperal conjunctiva
Gets drained away into 2 holds called lacrimal puncta into lacrimal canal, lacrimal sac and then into nasolacrimal duct |
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Dacryocystitis
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Infection of lacrimal sacs
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Wall of eyeball 3 parts
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Fibrous Tunic
Vascular Tunic Retina |
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Fibrous Tunic
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Composed of Cornea, Sclera & scleral venous sinus where aqueous humor drains into
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Vascular Tunic
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aka Uvea & composed of chroid, ciliary body & Iris
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Muscles controlling pupil
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Circular muscles of iris contract in bright light
Radial muscles of iris contract in low light to open pupil |
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2 things bundled together with optic nerve
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Central retina artery & vein
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Three distinct layers of retinal neurons
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Photoreceptor layer, bipolar cell layer, & ganglion cell layer
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Two other types of cells in bipolar cell of retina that help modify signals
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Horizontal cells
Amacrine Cells |
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Macula Lutea
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Exact center of posterior portion of retina
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Central Fovea
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Small depression in center of macula lutea containing only cones causing high visual acuity
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Crystallins
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Proteins that make up lens
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Lens on close object, far object?
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Close object is more curved
Far object flattened |
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Presbyopia
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Condition where lens loses elasticity and need reading glasses
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Emmetropic eye
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Normal eye
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Myopia
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Nearsightedness when eyeball is too long or when lens is too thick so
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Hyperopia
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Farsightedness caused by short eyeball or thin lens so image conveys behind retina
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Astigmatism
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Condition in which cornea of lens has irregular curvature
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Binocular Vision
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Ability for both eyes to focus on only one set of objects
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Convergence
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Medial movement of two eyeballs so they are directed towards object
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Photopigment in rods
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Rhodopsin
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Two parts of all photopigments
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Opsin & retinal from vitamin A from carotene
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Process of photopigments
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In darkness Retinal is cis & binds to opsin to form rhodopsin
Photon isomerizes retinal to trans forming chemical intermediates that cause a receptor potential Trans retinal separartes causing bleaching Retinal isomerase convertes trans back to cis & regeneration occurs |
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cGMP
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Ligand that holds sodium channels open during low light to produce a partial depolarization
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Nyctalopia
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Night blindess
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Helix & Lobule
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Rim & soft portion of ear
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Auditory Ossicles
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Three of the smallest bones in the body
Malleus, Incus, Stapes |
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Oval Window
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Connection point for the stapes
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Round window
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right below oval window and is secondary tympanic membrane
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Two tiniest muscles in the body that protects hearing by desensitizing oval window
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Tensor tympani muscle
Stapedius muscle |
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Hyperacusia
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Abnormally sensitive hearing
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Eustachian Tube
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a.k.a Auditory tube that connects middle ear with nasopharynx
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Two main divisions of Internal ear & their divisions
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Bony labyrinth consisting of semicircular canals, vestibule, and cochlea all containing perilymph
Membranous labyrinth containing endolymph |
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Inside Vestibule
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Membranous labyrinth has utricle & saccule
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Ampulla
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Swollen end of each semi circular canal
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Semicircular ducts
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Membranous labyrinth inside semicircular canals
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Modiolus
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Central bony core of cochlea
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Scala vestibuli & Scala tympani
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Part of cochlea chamber filled with perilymph & are separated except at helicotrema
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Helicotrema
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Point where scala vestibuli & scala tympani are connected
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Vestibular Membrane
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Separates cochlear duct from the scala vestibuli
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Basilar membrane
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Separates cochlear duct from scala tympani
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Spiral organ a.k.a organ of Corti
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Spiral organ resting on basilar membrane composed of 16000 hair cells which are receptors for hearing
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Hair bundle
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30-100 stereocilia on apex of hair cell
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Spiral ganglion
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Where sensory neurons are found in ear
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Tectorial membrane
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Flexible membrane vocering hair cells of spiral organ
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Decible
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Measures sound intensity & one decible is 10 fold increase
above 140 is painful |
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Relationship between vibrations of the tympanic membrane & oval window
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Oval window vibrates much faster than tympanic membrane because it is smaller
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Transduction channel
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Mechanically gated ion channel at tip of each stereocilium allowing K+ ions in to triggers opening of calcium channels in base of hair cell which triggers exocytosis of synaptic vesicles
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Otoacoustic emmisions
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Inaudible sounds produced by cochlea
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Vestibular apparatus
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Receptor organs for equilibrium
Saccule, Utricle, Semicircular ducts |
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Macula
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Thickened region in both utricle and saccule that are perpendicular to one another and are involved in static equilibrium & detects linear acceleration-deceleration
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Cells found on Macula
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Hair cells & supporting cells
Supporting cells secrete thick gelatinous glycoprotein layer called otolithic membrane |
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Otolithic membrane
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Thick glycoprotein layer on hair cells of maculae
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Otoliths
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Dense calcium carbonate layer extending over entire surface of otolithic membrane
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Parts of dynamic equilibrium
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Utricle, Saccule & semicircular ducts
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Crista
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Small elevation in ampulla containing hair cells & supporting cells
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Cupula
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Mass of gelatinous material covering crista
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