**a&p 2 Chap 14

Front 1

What Fetal portion does brain and spinal cord develop from?

Back 1

Ectoderm

Front 2

Diencephalon and it's 3 parts

Back 2

Superior part of the Brain Stem which consists of Thalamus, Hypothalamus and epithalamus

Front 3

Cranial Dura Mater

Back 3

Has 2 layers compared to 1 in the spinal cord & splits to contain dural venous sinuses

Front 4

Falx Cerebri

Back 4

Extention of Dura Mater that separates 2 halves of Cerebrum

Front 5

Falx Cerebelli

Back 5

Extention of Dura Mater that separates 2 halves of cerebellum

Front 6

Tentorium Cerebelli

Back 6

Extention of Dura Mater that Separates Cerebrum from Cerebellum

Front 7

BBB & Composition

Back 7

Protects brain cells from harmful substances and pathogens by preventing passage

Due to permeability characteristics of tight junctions by Astrocytes

Front 8

The CSF filled cavities of the Brain

Back 8

2 Lateral Ventricles Separated anteriorly by Spetum Pellucidum

Third ventricle - in between halves of thalamus

Fourth Ventricle - Between Cerebellum and Brain Stem

Front 9

3 Functions of CSF

Back 9

1) Mechanical Protection - Allows the brain to float and protects it from jolts

2) Chemical Protection - Provides optimal chemical environment for the brain to produce action potentials

3) Circulation - Allows exchange of nutrients and waste between blood and nervous tissue

Front 10

Choroid Plexues

Back 10

Networks of Capillaries that are sites of CSF production in walls of ventricles

Front 11

Blood-cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier

Back 11

Barrier formed by tight junctions from the ependymal cells

Front 12

Interventricular Foramina

Back 12

Narrow oval openings that allows CSF formed in choriod plexuses of lateral ventricles to flow into third ventricle

Front 13

Aqueduct of Midbrain

Back 13

a.k.a Cerebral Aqueduct which allows CSF to flow from Third to Fourth ventricle

Front 14

Median Aperture & Paired Lateral Apertures

Back 14

Openings in roof of fourth ventricle that allow CSF to flow into subarachnoid space

Front 15

Arachnoid Villi

Back 15

Fingerlike extensions of arachnoid that project into dural venous sinuses to reabsorb CSF

Front 16

Arachnoid Granulation

Back 16

Cluster of Arachnoid Villi

Front 17

Hydrocephalus

Back 17

Condition of Elevated CSF pressure due to CSF excess

Front 18

Superior Saggital Sinus

Back 18

Large hole on top of saggital fissure of brain and where most of CSF is drained back into blood

Front 19

Where CSF are drained

Back 19

Dural Venus Sinuses

Esp - Superior saggital sinus

Front 20

Pyramids

Back 20

Protrusions of white matter on the anterior aspect of medulla

Front 21

Decussation of Pyramids

Back 21

Right above Medulla & Spinal junction 90% of axons in left pyramid goes to right side & other 90% vice versa

Front 22

Nuclei of Medulla (6)

Back 22

Masses of gray matter where neurons form synapses with each other. Some control vomiting, hiccupping, sneezing, swallowing reflexes

-Cardiovascular Center
-Medullary Rhythmicity Area
-Inferior Olive (anterior) Nuclei
-Gracile (Posterior) Nuclei
-Cuneate (Posterior) Nuclei
-Medial Lemniscus

Front 23

Cardiovascular Center

Back 23

One of the Medullary Nuclei.

Functions in regulating Heart force & Rate & diameter of Blood Vessesl

Front 24

Rhythmicity Center

Back 24

One of the Medullary Nuclei

Functions in basic rhythm for breathing

Front 25

Olive

Back 25

Found lateral to Each pyramid and contains Inferior Olivary nuclei that relay impulses from proprioceptors to cerebellum

Front 26

Gracile Nuclei & Cuneate Nuclei

Back 26

Posterior Medullary Nuclei that are associated with senses of touch, proprioception, & vibratio
Most ascending sensory nuclei form synapses here & Sends them to Medial Lemniscus

Front 27

Medial Lemniscus

Back 27

Axons from Gracile and Cuneate Nuclei that ascend to thalamus on opposite side of brain and extends through medulla, pons, and midbrain

Front 28

Pons & parts

Back 28

Relays information regarding skeletal muscle movements from cerebral cortex to cerebellum

Contains Apneustic & Pneumotaxic Nuclei (Area) that help control breathing along with Medullary rhythmicity area

Front 29

Midbrain & 5 Parts

Back 29

Part of Brainstem that extends from pons to diencephalon
Contains Cerebral Aqueduct (Aqueduct of midbrain)

-Cerebral Peduncle
-Substantia Nigra
-Red Nucleus
-Corpora Quadrigemina

Front 30

Cerebral Peduncles

Back 30

Part of Brainstem that contains clusters of Motor and Sensory fibers

Front 31

Substantia Nigra

Damage?

Back 31

Black substance in midbrain which functions in the release of dopamine.

Damage is associated with parkinsons

Front 32

Red Nuclei

Back 32

Part of Midbrain that looks red due to ruch blood supply

Serves as Synapse for axons from Cerebral Cortex & Cerebellum in coordinating muscles

Front 33

Corpora Quadrigemina

Back 33

Contains Superior Colliculi which functions in coordinating eye movement with visual stimuli

& Inferior Colliculi which are part of auditory pathway & relays hearing stimuli into thalamus

Front 34

Reticular Formation

Back 34

Broad Region where white matter and Gray matter exhibit a netlike arrangement throughout the brain stem

Front 35

RAS

Back 35

Reticular Activating System containing sensory neuron that helps maintain conciousness & wakes you up in response to stimuli

Also functions in maintaining muscle tone

Front 36

Vermis

Back 36

Central Constricted are of Cerebellum

Front 37

Anterior & Posterior Cerebellar Lobes

Back 37

Separated by deep distinct fissure & govrns conscious aspects of skeletal muscle movement

Front 38

Flocculonodular Lobe

Back 38

Located on the Inferior surface of Cerebellum and functions in equilibruim & Balance

Front 39

Folia

Back 39

Series of slender parallel ridges in the cerebellar cortex

Front 40

Arbor Vitae

Back 40

Tracts of white matter found in cerebellum

Front 41

Cerebellar Nuclei

Back 41

Regions of gray matter that give rise to axons carrying info away to brain & spinal cord

Front 42

Cerebellar Peduncles & Functions

Back 42

Inferior - Carries sensory information from spinal cord

Middle - Carries sensory info from cerebral Cortex & Basal ganglia

Superior - Carries motor fibers that extend to motor control areas

Front 43

Ataxia

Back 43

Condition in which cerebellar trauma or disease disrupts muscle coordination so that a person blindfolded can't touch their nose

Front 44

Thalamus

Back 44

-Relay station for all senses except smell

-Plays essential role in cognition and awareness

-Also registers concious recognition of pain, temp, pressure etc

Front 45

Thalamic Nuclei

Back 45

-Anterior nucleus, Medial Nuclei, Lateral Group, Ventral Group, Intralaminar nuclei, midline nucleus, reticular nucleus

Front 46

Four Major regions of hypothalamus

Back 46

Mammilary
Tuberal
Supraoptic
Preoptic

Front 47

Mammilary Region

Back 47

Region of hypothalamus that relays sense of smell

Front 48

Infundibulum

Back 48

Part of hypothalamus that connects to pituitary

Front 49

Hypothalamus

Back 49

Major regulator of homeostassis
-Controls ANS
-Produces Hormones
-Controls body temp
-Regulates behovior
-Makes you thirsty

etc

Front 50

Epithalamus

2 Parts & Function

Back 50

Small region superior and posterior to thalamus

Pineal Gland which secretes hormone melatonin which is more so at night so it is thought to contribute to sleep & biological clock

Habenular Nucle - Links smell with emotions

Front 51

Subthalamus

Back 51

Contains Subthalamic nuclei which works together with red nucleus, Substantia nigra of midbrain, Basal ganglia, Cerebrum, and cerebellum to coordinate muscle movement

Front 52

Circumventricular Organs

Back 52

aka CVOs

Lacks BBB so it can monitor changes in the blood

-Contributes to homeostasis & is thought to be entry point of HIV

Parts include those of pineal gland, pituitary, and hypothalamus