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130 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Ability to ward off pathogens that produce disease.
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Immunity/resistance
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Lack of resistance.
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Susceptibility
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Type of immunity that protects against wide range of pathogens.
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Innate (nonspecific) immunity
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Type of immunity that involves specific lymphocytes that combat a particular pathogen/foreign substance.
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Adaptive (specific) immunity
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What is the major difference b/w interstitial fluid & lymph?
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Interstitial fluid is found b/w cells. Lymph is found within lymphatic vessels/tissue.
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What are 4 functions of the lymphatic system?
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Drain excess interstitial fluid & return to blood, return leaked plasma proteins to blood, transport lipids & lipid-soluble vitamins from GIT to blood, carries out immune response (specific, nonspecific).
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What tissues lack lymphatic capillaries?
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Avascular (cartilage, skin, cornea of eye), CNS, parts of spleen, red bone marrow.
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Interstitial fluid drains into ___ which merge to form larger ___ & these convey lymph in/out ___.
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Lymph capillaries. Lymph vessels. Lymph nodes.
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How do lymph vessels compare to veins in structure?
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Lymph vessels have thinner walls & more valves.
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How are valves structured in lymph capillaries?
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Overlapping endothelial cells work as 1-way valves. Open like swinging door when IF pressure is greater than lymph.
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Elastic fibers that extend out to attach lymph vessel to surrounding tissues. Help open endothelial spaces in vessels when there is excess fluid.
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Anchoring filaments
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Lymphatic capillary in small intestine villi. Transports digested fat from small intestine to blood. Lymph fluid in lacteals called ___. .
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Lacteal. Chyle.
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What are the 5 principle lymph trunks?
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Lumbar, intestinal, bronchomediastinal, subclavian, jugular trunks.
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Lymph trunk that drains lower limbs, wall/viscera of pelvis, kidneys, adrenal glands, abdominal wall.
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Lumbar trunk
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Lymph trunk that drains stomach, intestines, pancreas, spleen, part of liver.
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Intestinal trunk
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Lymph trunk that drains thoracic wall, lungs, heart.
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Bronchomediastinal trunk
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Lymph trunk that drains upper limbs.
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Subclavian trunk
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Lymph trunk that drains head, neck.
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Jugular trunk
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Main collecting duct of lymphatic system which begins as dilation called ___. Collects from L side of head, neck, chest, L upper limb, entire body below ribs.
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Thoracic duct. Chyle cistern.
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Main duct that collects from upper R side of body.
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Right lymphatic duct
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Where do the 2 main lymph ducts drain into?
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Junction of subclavian vein & internal jugular vein. (L - thoracic duct, R - right lymphatic duct)
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Which lymphatic vessels empty into cisterna chyli, & which duct receives lymph from cisterna chyli?
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L/R lumbar trunks & intestinal trunk empty into cisterna chyli, which drain into thoracic duct.
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What are the 2 pumps that result in milking of lymph?
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Skeletal muscle, respiratory mvt.
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Primary lymphatic organs are areas where stem cells divide to become immunocompetent. List 2.
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Red bone marrow, thymus.
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Secondary lymphatic organs/tissue are sites where most immune responses occur.
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Lymph nodes, spleen,
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Tertiary lymphatic organs
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lymph nodules (tissue), in mucous membranes, the appendix, tonsils, and adenoids.
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The thymus gland lies b/w what 2 structures? What is its function?
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Heart & sternum. Function - site of T-cell maturation.
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The outer cortex of thymus lobules contain what structures? What is its function?
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T cells, dendritic cells, epithelial cells, macrophages. Site of T-cell maturation (help from dendritic cells).
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What does the medulla of thymus lobules contain that the cortex doesn't?
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Thymic (Hassal's) corpuscles - possibly site of T-cell death.
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When is the thymus gland the largest in life? What is it replaced by & when?
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Largest in infants. After puberty it is replaced by adipose, areolar CT.
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Where are large groups of lymph nodes found?
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Near mammary glands, axillae, groin.
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Encapsulated oval structures located along lymphatic vessels. Approx 600 in body. Contain T-cells, macrophages, follicular dendritic cells, B cells.
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Lymph nodes
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Capsule surrounding lymph nodes extend projections called ___ into node to divide it into compartments.
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Trabeculae
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Capsule, trabeculae, reticular fibers, fibroblasts constitute ___ of lymph node.
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Stroma (supporting CT)
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Functioning part of lymph node.
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Parenchyma
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Area of lymph node that has lymphatic follicles (nodules) which are aggregates of B cells & have germinal centers.
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Outer cortex
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Area of lymph node that has T cells, dendritic cells which present antigen & cause T cells to proliferate & migrate to infection area.
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Inner cortex
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Area of lymph node that has B cells, macrophages, antibody producing plasma cells.
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Medulla
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Depression in lymph node where efferent lymphatic vessels emerge & where BV enter/leave node.
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Hilum
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What cells destroy foreign substances by phagocytosis? What cells destroy by immune responses?
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Macrophages. Lymphocytes.
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What is the route of the lymph through lymph node (5 steps)?
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Afferent vessels, subcapsular sinus, trabecular sinus, medullary sinus, efferent vessels.
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Foreign substances filtered by lymph nodes are trapped by ___.
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Nodal reticular fibers
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Lymph nodes are site of proliferation for what 2 cell types?
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Plasma cells, T-cells.
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Largest single mass of lymphatic tissue in the body.
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Spleen
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What region is the spleen found in the body?
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Left hypochondriac region (b/w stomach & diaphragm).
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What travels through the spleen's hilum?
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Splenic artery, vein, efferent lymph vessels.
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Spleen's white pulp is formed by ___ arranged around central arteries.
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Lymphatic tissue
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What are the 2 types of lymphocytes in the spleen's white pulp & their functions?
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T-lymphocytes attack/destroy antigens in blood. B-lymphocytes become antibody producing plasma cells (antibodies inactivate antigens in blood).
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What is the role of macrophages in the white pulp vs. red pulp of the spleen?
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White pulp - destroy antigens in blood via phagocytosis. Red pulp - remove worn-out/defective RBCs, WBCs, platelets.
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Spleen's red pulp consists of ___ filled w/ blood & splenic cords consisting of what 5 cell types?
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Venous sinuses. RBCs, macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, granulocytes.
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Which part of spleen produces blood cells in fetus during 2nd trimester pregnancy?
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Red pulp
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Oval shaped concentrations of lymphatic tissue not surrounded by a capsule.
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Lymphatic nodules
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Lymphatic nodules scattered through ___ of mucus membranes lining what areas? Named mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT).
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Lamina propria. GI tract, respiratory airways, urinary & reproductive tracts.
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Lymphatic nodules in ileum of small intestine.
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Peyer's patches
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Groups of large lymphatic nodules embedded in mucous membrane at junction of oral cavity & pharynx.
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Tonsils
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What are the 3 tonsils & which is commonly removed?
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Pharyngeal (adenoid), palatine (removed often), lingual.
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List body structures/substances that aid as first line of defense.
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Skin, mucous membranes, cilia in respiratory tract, gastric juice, lysozome in tears/perspiration, saliva, urine, defecation, vomiting, vaginal secretions.
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What are 5 types of 2nd line of defense?
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Internal antimicrobial substances, phagocytes, NK cells, inflammation, fever.
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What are the 4 types of antimicrobial substances?
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Interferons, complement, iron-binding proteins, antimicrobial proteins.
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Type of antimicrobial substance produced by lymphocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts infected w/ viruses. Bind to surrounding uninfected cells which induces antiviral protein synthesis & interferes w/ viral replication.
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Interferons (IFNs)
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Group of 30 proteins in blood plasma & cell membranes that when activated, enhance certain immune, allergic, inflammatory reactions.
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Complement system
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Type of antimicrobial substance that inhibits growth of bacteria by reducing amount of iron available.
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Iron-binding proteins
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Type of antimicrobial substance that have broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity (eg. Dermicidin, defensins, cathelicidins, thrombocidin).
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Antimicrobial proteins
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Lymphocytes that lack membrane molecules that identify T & B cells. Attack cells that display abnormal plasma membrane proteins.
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Natural killer cells
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What 2 types of toxic substances are found in granules released by NK cells?
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Perforins (punch holes in target cell, causing it to burst), granzymes (force cell to undergo apoptosis).
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What are 2 types of phagocytes?
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Neutrophils, macrophages.
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What are 2 classes of macrophages?
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Wandering, fixed.
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What are the 5 phases of phagocytosis?
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Chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion, killing.
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Anything that can't be digested in phagocyte remains in ___.
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Residual bodies
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What are reasons why a microbe can evade phagocytosis?
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Capsule formation, toxin production, interference w/ lysozyme secretion, ability to counter oxidants produced by phagocytes.
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What factors may stimulate chemotaxis?
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Microbes, WBCs, damaged tissue, activated complement system
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Nonspecific, defensive response occuring due to pathogens, abrasions, chemical irritations, distortions, extreme temps, disturbances of cells.
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Inflammation
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What are 5 symptoms of inflammation?
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Swelling, heat, a loss of function, redness, pain (SHARP)
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What are 3 basic stages of inflammation?
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Vasodilation & increased permeability of blood vessels, phagocyte migration, tissue repair.
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Substance released from mast cells causing vasodilation, increased permeability of vessels. Contributes to inflammation.
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Histamines
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Polypeptide that induces vasodilation, increases permeability, acts as chemotaxic agents (bradykinin). Contributes to inflammation.
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Kinins
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Lipid released by damaged cells that intensify effects of histamine & kinins. Stimulate emigration of phagocytes through capillary walls. Contributes to inflammation.
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Prostaglandins
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Substance produced by basophils, mast cells and cause increased permeability, act as chemotaxic agents, help w/ adherence of phagocytes to pathogens. Contributes to inflammation.
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Leukotrienes
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Substance that stimulates histamine release, attract neutrophils, promote phagocytosis, destroy bacteria.
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Complement
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What are 5 substances that contribute to inflammation?
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Histamines, kinins, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, complement.
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How long does it take for phagocytes to arrive to area of inflammation?
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Within hour
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What cell is the first responder to a site of inflammation? What cell comes next & cleans up the dead cells above?
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Neutrophils. Monocytes become wandering macrophages.
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Increased WBCs count in blood.
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Leukocytosis
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Pocket of dead phagocytes, damaged tissue & fluid that occurs in most inflammatory responses.
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Pus
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Excessive accumulation of pus in a confined space.
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Abscess
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What usually causes fever? How does a fever affect body processes?
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Caused when thermostat of hypothalamus is reset due to bacterial toxins, viruses. Intensifies effect of interferons, stops growth of microbes, speeds repair reactions.
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What 2 properties distinguish adaptive immunity vs. innate?
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Specificity, memory.
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T-cells & B-cells derive from stem cells located in ___.
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Bone marrow
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What is the difference in which T-cells & B-cells mature?
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B cells mature in bone marrow (continues thru life). T cells develop from pre-T cells that migrate to thymus (most arise before puberty but continues thru life).
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Ability to carry out adaptive immune responses.
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Immunocompetence
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Molecules capable of recognizing specific antigens.
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Antigen receptors
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T-cells exit thymus as what 2 types of cells?
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Helper (CD4) T cells, Cytotoxic (CD8) T cells
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What are 2 types of adaptive immunity?
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Cell-mediated immunity, antibody-mediated immunity.
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Type of adaptive immunity where cytotoxic T-cells attack other cells (antigens). Ex, INTRAcellular pathogens - fungi, parasites, viruses, some cancer cells, foreign tissue transplants.
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Cell-mediated immunity
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Type of adaptive immunity - B cells transform into plasma cells which secrete antibodies that attach to antigens. Helper T's aid in cell/antibody-mediated responses. Effective against antigens in I.F. & EXTRAcellular pathogens - bacteria.
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Antibody-mediated immunity
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Immunoglobins
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antibodies
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Process by which a lymphocyte proliferate & differentiate in response to a specific antigen.
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Clonal selection
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Population of identical cells that can recognize the same specific antigen as original lymphocyte.
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Clone
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Where does clonal selection of lymphocytes occur?
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Secondary lymphatic organs/tissues.
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A lymphocyte that undergoes clonal selection gives rise to what 2 major cell types?
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Effector & memory cells
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What are 3 types of effector cells vs. memory cells? What is the difference in their life spans?
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EFFECTOR - Active helper T-cell, active cytotoxic T-cell, plasma cell - die after immune response. MEMORY - memory helper T-cell, memory cytotoxic T-cell, memory B cells - long life span.
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Chemical substances (usually protein) recognized as foreign by antigen receptors. Immunogenic & reactive.
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Antigens
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Antigen's ability to provoke immune response by stimulating production of specific antibodies/T cells.
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Immunogenic
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Ability of antigen to react w/ specific antibodies/cells it provoked.
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Reactive
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Which parts of bacterial structures are antigenic?
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Flagella, capsules, cell walls, bacterial toxins.
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What are 3 routes that antigens use to get to lymphatic tissue?
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Enter bloodstream & get trapped in spleen, penetrate skin & enter lymphatic vessels & lodge in lymph nodes, get trapped in mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue.
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Small substance w/ no immunogenicity but can stimulate immune response (reactivity) if attached to larger carrier molecule.
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Haptens
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Process where gene segments are put together in different combos as lymphocytes are developing in red bone marrow & thymus.
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Genetic recombination
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Transmembrane glycoproteins that are self-antigens unique to each person's cells. MHC class 1 found in all cells except RBCs. Aid in detection of foreign invaders.
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Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
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What is the difference in which T-cells & B-cells recognize foreign antigens?
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B cells recognize & bind to antigens in ECF (blood plasma, lymph). T cells only recognize fragments of antigenic proteins that have been processed /presented in association w/ MHC (self-antigen).
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Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) process (exogenous/endogenous) antigens & present them w/ MHC (class 1/2) molecules to T cells. After presenting antigen, APCs migrate to lymph nodes.
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Exogenous. MHC class 2.
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What are 3 types of antigen-presenting cells? Where are they located in the body?
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Macrophages, B cells, dendritic cells. Skin, mucus membranes of respiratory tract, GIT, urinary, reproductive, lymph nodes.
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Small protein hormones needed for many normal cell functions such as cell growth, differentiation. Secreted by various types of cells, including lymphocytes & APCs.
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Cytokines
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What 2 signals activate a T-cell to undergo clonal selection?
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1) Antigen recognition by T-cell receptor w/ CD4 or CD8 protein. 2) Costimulation by cytokines or pair of plasma membrane molecules (one on T-cell, one on antigen-presenting cell).
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Recognition & binding of T-cell receptor/antigen without costimulation leads to prolonged state of inactivity called ___ in T & B cells.
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Anergy
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In clonal selection of helper T-cells, what is the effector & memory cell?
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Active helper T-cell (secretes interleukin-2 & other cytokines),
memory helper T-cell. |
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In clonal selection of cytotoxic T-cells, what is the effector & memory cell?
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Active cytotoxic T-cell (attack infected body cells), memory cytotoxic T-cell.
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What are 4 ways cytotoxic T-cells can kill cells displaying microbial antigen?
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Granzymes (apoptosis - phagocytes eat released microbes), perforin (cytolysis) & granulysin (destroys microbe), lymphotoxin (target cell DNA fragmentation).
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Process where cytotoxic T-cells, macrophages, NK cells recognize tumor antigens on cancerous cells & destroy tumor cell.
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Immunological surveillance
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In clonal selection of B-cells, what is the effector & memory cell?
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Plasma cells, memory B cells
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Of T-cells & B-cells, which one leaves tissue & which stays put?
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T cells leave tissue, B cells stay put.
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Protein that can combine specifically w/ epitope that triggered its production.
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Antibody
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Which part of the antibody is the antigen binding site?
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Tip of heavy/light chains have variable region.
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Which part of the antibody gives us the 5 classes of immunoglobulins?
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Constant region
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What are 6 functions of antibodies?
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Neutralize antigen, immobilize bacteria, agglutination & precipitation (clumping of antigens), complement activation, enhances phagocytosis
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What 4 results occur because of complement system?
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Phagocytosis, cytolysis, inflammation, chemotaxis
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Immunological memory is due to presence of long-lived ___ & ___.
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Antibodies, lymphocytes.
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Is self-recognition of T-cells (positive/negative) selection? Where does it occur? What happens?
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Positive selection. Thymic cortex - pre-T cells that recognize MHC on epithelial cells survive.
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Is self-tolerance of T-cells (positive/negative) selection? Where does it occur? What happens?
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Negative selection. Thymus. T-cells that recognize self-peptide/self-antigen are deleted (apoptosis) or stay in anergy (alive, unresponsive). Those that don't respond survive.
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What occurs w/ aging of immune system?
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More susceptible to infections/malignancies, response to vaccines decrease, more autoantibodies produced. Cellular/humoral responses decrease.
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