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63 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Immune System

Protects us from infectious agents and harmful substances

Pathogens

Infectious agents that cause damage to the host tissue

Bacteria

1.Have a cell wall


2.Prokaryotic


3.May be cocci, bacilli, or spirilla shaped


4.May be pathogens and cause disease


5.May be normal flora and 'helpers'

Viruses

1.Very small


2.Are obligate intracellular parasites


3.Must use host cells to reproduce


4.Do not have both RNA and DNA (only one or the other.


5.examples: HIV, shingles, chicken pox, colds, influenza

Fungi

1. Eukaryotic organisms


2. Have a cell wall


3. Molds, yeasts, mushrooms


4. Proteolytic enzymes released from fungi cause inflammation that causes redness and swelling


5. Fungal disease is called mycoses


6. Usually skin infections like ringworm and athletes foot


7. May cause vaginal yeast infections


8. Internal infections include histoplasmosis

Multicellular parasites

1. Large enough to see


2. Live in host intestines, etc.


3. Examples: Tapeworms, pinworms

Prions

1. Proteinaceous infectious particles


2. Cause "Mad Cow Disease"


3. Consume infected brain and nerve tissue

Immune system structures

Lymphatic tissue: lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, MALT, and lymphatic nodules

Mast cell

1. Abundant in the dermis of skin and the mucosal linings of the respiratory, digestive, and urogenital systems


2. Releases histamine, heparin, and eicosanoid

Cytokines

Small, soluble proteins


Produced by innate and adaptive immune system cells


Regulate and facilitate immune system activity


May serve as weapons to destroy infected cell

Autocrine

Cytokines that act on the cell that released it

Paracrine

Cytokines that act on neighboring cells

Endocrine

Cytokines that circulate in the blood for systemic effects

Innate immunity

First line of defense against world (skin and mucous)

Neutrophils

1. most numerous cell


2. first on scene

Macrophages

1. Reside in tissue


2. Arrive after inflammatory response begins


3. Stay longer than neutrophils

Basophils

1. circulates in blood


2. Releases histamine, heparin, and eicosanoid

Natural killer cells (NK)

1. Destroy viral infected, bacterial infected cells, tumor cells, and transplanted tissue


2. Formed in bone marrow and circulates in blood


3. Accumulate in secondary lymphatic structures (lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen)

Eosinophils

1. Allergy responder


2. Canparticipate in allergic response and allergy also

Interferon (IFN)

Stimulates macrophages and NK cells

Complement protein

30 types of plasma proteins


'compliments' an antibody


Named C1, C2, etc.


Liver makes inactive complement proteins

Opsonization

Binding of a protein (opsonin) to a pathogen to enhance phagocytosis

Inflammation

Helps eliminate infection


Product of complement protein

cytolysis

Directkilling of a target cell by forming a membrane attack complex

elimination of immune complexes

linkimmune complexes to erythrocytes for transport to liver and spleen

Cardinal signs of inflammation

Redness (rubor)


heat (calor)


swelling (edema)


pain (dolar)


loss of function


pus may form

Fever

abnormal elevation of temperature caused by pyrogens

Fever benefits

1. Inhibits reproduction of pathogens


2. Promotes interferon activity


3. Increases activity of adaptive immunity


4. Accelerates tissue repair


5. Increases CAM’s on endothelium of lymph node capillaries (more immune cells migrate into lymphatic tissue)

fever risks

1. Protein denaturation (103 and above)


2. Brain damage may occur at sustained temp of 106

Adaptive Immunity

1. Adapts defenses over time


2. Third line of defense

Cell-mediated immunity

Immune response involving T-lymphocytes

Autoimmune disorder

Immune system lacking tolerance for specific self-antigen ex. (type 1 diabetes,

antigen

pathogenic determinants with multiple determinants


Holds different shapes

TCR

antigen receptor of T-lymphocytes

BCR

antigen receptor of B-lymphocytes

antigen presenting cells

Needed for TCR's reception of antigens (can be any cell)

MHC class I molecules

Found on all nucleated cells

MHC class II molecules

Only found on antigen presenting cells

Adaptive immunity

T cells and B cells


Acquires immunity over time

Humoral immunity

.

CD4 cells

Helper T cells

CD8 cells

Cytotoxic T cells

Primary lymphatic structures

red bone marrow, and thymus

Effector response

1. actionof T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes to eliminate antigen


2. T-lymphocytesmigrating to site of infection


3. B-lymphocytesremaining within secondary lymphatic structures

Which cells originate in the bone marrow?

T-lymphocytes

Positive selection

T lymphocytes have been tested and can bind to MHC

Nevative selection

Tested by thymic dendritic cells presenting antigen with MHC class I and II

Antigenic challenge

Thefirst encounter between antigen and lymphocyte occurs in the secondarylymphatic structures

Activation of helper T cells

1. First stimulation is direct contact with APC


2. Second stimulation takes place when the helper T cell secretes IL2

Activation of cytotoxic T cells

1. Directphysical contact is made between TCR and peptide fragment presented with MHCclass I moleculeof an infected cell


2. bindingof IL2 that is released from Helper T

Activation of B cells

1. intact antigen binds to BCR and antigen cross-links BCR’s


2. activated helper T cell releases IL4 to stimulate the B cell

HelperT-lymphocytes

Release IL-2 and other cytokines


Regulate cells of adaptive and innate immunity

CytotoxicT-lymphocytes

destroy unhealthy cells by apoptosis

Plasma cells

1. form antibodies, the effectors of humoral immunity


2. remain in the lymph nodes


3. produce millions of antibodies during 5 day life span

antigenbinding effects

1. Neutralization


2. Agglutination


3. Precipitation

Neutralization

1. antibody physically covers antigenic determinant of pathogen


2. makes it ineffective in establishing infection


3. e.g., antibody covering region of virus used to bind cell receptor

Agglutination

1. antibodycross-linking antigens of foreign cells


2. causesthem to agglutinate or “clump”


3. especiallyeffective against bacterial cells

Precipitation

1. antibodycross-linking circulating antigens–e.g.,viral particles


2. formantigen-antibody complex


3. becomeinsoluble and precipitate out of body fluids


4. precipitatedcomplexes engulfed and eliminated by phagocytic cells

IgG

80% of antibody, activates complement, crosses placenta to protect fetus

IgA

13%, found in breast milk, tears, and other fluids, effective at agglutination

IgM

6 %, develops in plasma (anti-A and anti-B antibodies), also activates complement

IgD

foundon most B cells, important in activating B cells

IgE

associatedwith allergic reactions and parasites