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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Immune System |
Protects us from infectious agents and harmful substances |
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Pathogens |
Infectious agents that cause damage to the host tissue |
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Bacteria |
1.Have a cell wall 2.Prokaryotic 3.May be cocci, bacilli, or spirilla shaped 4.May be pathogens and cause disease 5.May be normal flora and 'helpers' |
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Viruses |
1.Very small 2.Are obligate intracellular parasites 3.Must use host cells to reproduce 4.Do not have both RNA and DNA (only one or the other. 5.examples: HIV, shingles, chicken pox, colds, influenza |
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Fungi |
1. Eukaryotic organisms 2. Have a cell wall 3. Molds, yeasts, mushrooms 4. Proteolytic enzymes released from fungi cause inflammation that causes redness and swelling 5. Fungal disease is called mycoses 6. Usually skin infections like ringworm and athletes foot 7. May cause vaginal yeast infections 8. Internal infections include histoplasmosis |
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Multicellular parasites |
1. Large enough to see 2. Live in host intestines, etc. 3. Examples: Tapeworms, pinworms |
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Prions |
1. Proteinaceous infectious particles 2. Cause "Mad Cow Disease" 3. Consume infected brain and nerve tissue |
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Immune system structures |
Lymphatic tissue: lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, MALT, and lymphatic nodules |
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Mast cell |
1. Abundant in the dermis of skin and the mucosal linings of the respiratory, digestive, and urogenital systems 2. Releases histamine, heparin, and eicosanoid |
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Cytokines |
Small, soluble proteins Produced by innate and adaptive immune system cells Regulate and facilitate immune system activity May serve as weapons to destroy infected cell |
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Autocrine |
Cytokines that act on the cell that released it |
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Paracrine |
Cytokines that act on neighboring cells
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Endocrine |
Cytokines that circulate in the blood for systemic effects |
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Innate immunity |
First line of defense against world (skin and mucous) |
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Neutrophils |
1. most numerous cell 2. first on scene |
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Macrophages |
1. Reside in tissue 2. Arrive after inflammatory response begins 3. Stay longer than neutrophils |
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Basophils |
1. circulates in blood 2. Releases histamine, heparin, and eicosanoid |
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Natural killer cells (NK) |
1. Destroy viral infected, bacterial infected cells, tumor cells, and transplanted tissue 2. Formed in bone marrow and circulates in blood 3. Accumulate in secondary lymphatic structures (lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen) |
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Eosinophils |
1. Allergy responder 2. Canparticipate in allergic response and allergy also |
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Interferon (IFN) |
Stimulates macrophages and NK cells |
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Complement protein |
30 types of plasma proteins 'compliments' an antibody Named C1, C2, etc. Liver makes inactive complement proteins |
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Opsonization |
Binding of a protein (opsonin) to a pathogen to enhance phagocytosis |
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Inflammation |
Helps eliminate infection Product of complement protein |
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cytolysis |
Directkilling of a target cell by forming a membrane attack complex |
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elimination of immune complexes |
linkimmune complexes to erythrocytes for transport to liver and spleen |
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Cardinal signs of inflammation |
Redness (rubor) heat (calor) swelling (edema) pain (dolar) loss of function pus may form |
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Fever |
abnormal elevation of temperature caused by pyrogens |
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Fever benefits |
1. Inhibits reproduction of pathogens 2. Promotes interferon activity 3. Increases activity of adaptive immunity 4. Accelerates tissue repair 5. Increases CAM’s on endothelium of lymph node capillaries (more immune cells migrate into lymphatic tissue) |
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fever risks |
1. Protein denaturation (103 and above) 2. Brain damage may occur at sustained temp of 106 |
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Adaptive Immunity |
1. Adapts defenses over time 2. Third line of defense |
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Cell-mediated immunity |
Immune response involving T-lymphocytes |
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Autoimmune disorder |
Immune system lacking tolerance for specific self-antigen ex. (type 1 diabetes, |
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antigen |
pathogenic determinants with multiple determinants Holds different shapes |
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TCR |
antigen receptor of T-lymphocytes |
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BCR |
antigen receptor of B-lymphocytes |
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antigen presenting cells |
Needed for TCR's reception of antigens (can be any cell) |
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MHC class I molecules |
Found on all nucleated cells |
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MHC class II molecules |
Only found on antigen presenting cells |
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Adaptive immunity |
T cells and B cells Acquires immunity over time |
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Humoral immunity |
. |
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CD4 cells |
Helper T cells |
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CD8 cells |
Cytotoxic T cells |
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Primary lymphatic structures |
red bone marrow, and thymus |
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Effector response |
1. actionof T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes to eliminate antigen 2. T-lymphocytesmigrating to site of infection 3. B-lymphocytesremaining within secondary lymphatic structures |
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Which cells originate in the bone marrow? |
T-lymphocytes |
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Positive selection |
T lymphocytes have been tested and can bind to MHC |
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Nevative selection |
Tested by thymic dendritic cells presenting antigen with MHC class I and II |
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Antigenic challenge |
Thefirst encounter between antigen and lymphocyte occurs in the secondarylymphatic structures |
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Activation of helper T cells |
1. First stimulation is direct contact with APC 2. Second stimulation takes place when the helper T cell secretes IL2 |
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Activation of cytotoxic T cells |
1. Directphysical contact is made between TCR and peptide fragment presented with MHCclass I moleculeof an infected cell 2. bindingof IL2 that is released from Helper T |
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Activation of B cells |
1. intact antigen binds to BCR and antigen cross-links BCR’s 2. activated helper T cell releases IL4 to stimulate the B cell |
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HelperT-lymphocytes |
Release IL-2 and other cytokines Regulate cells of adaptive and innate immunity |
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CytotoxicT-lymphocytes |
destroy unhealthy cells by apoptosis |
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Plasma cells |
1. form antibodies, the effectors of humoral immunity 2. remain in the lymph nodes 3. produce millions of antibodies during 5 day life span |
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antigenbinding effects |
1. Neutralization 2. Agglutination 3. Precipitation |
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Neutralization |
1. antibody physically covers antigenic determinant of pathogen 2. makes it ineffective in establishing infection 3. e.g., antibody covering region of virus used to bind cell receptor |
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Agglutination |
1. antibodycross-linking antigens of foreign cells 2. causesthem to agglutinate or “clump” 3. especiallyeffective against bacterial cells |
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Precipitation |
1. antibodycross-linking circulating antigens–e.g.,viral particles 2. formantigen-antibody complex 3. becomeinsoluble and precipitate out of body fluids 4. precipitatedcomplexes engulfed and eliminated by phagocytic cells |
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IgG |
80% of antibody, activates complement, crosses placenta to protect fetus |
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IgA |
13%, found in breast milk, tears, and other fluids, effective at agglutination |
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IgM |
6 %, develops in plasma (anti-A and anti-B antibodies), also activates complement |
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IgD |
foundon most B cells, important in activating B cells |
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IgE |
associatedwith allergic reactions and parasites |