A&p 2

Front 1

3 differences between Endocrine and Exocrine systems

Back 1

ductless, secrete hormones, secreted into the bloodstream

Front 2

hormones

Back 2

chemical messengers that influence cell activities in the body

Front 3

Endocrine glands are structures that secrete ...

Hormones are ... released from endocrine glands

Target cells have ... for a specific hormone

Back 3

-hormones

-molecules

-receptors

Front 4

4 General Functions of the Endocrine System

Back 4

-maintains homeostasis of blood composition and volume

-controls reproductive activities

-regulates development, growth, and metabolism

-controls digestive processes

Front 5

Describe each of the 3 types of hormone stimulation

Back 5

-hormonal=one hormone stimulates the other

-humoral=hormone stimulated by changing levels of nutrients or ions w/in the blood

-nervous=hormone directly stimulated by nervous system

Front 6

Describe a Steroid hormone

Back 6

-a category of hormone chemistry, lipid soluble, made from cholesterol, examples include sex hormones and corticosteriods

Front 7

Describe a Protein hormone

Back 7

-a category of hormone chemistry, water soluble, composed of amino acids, examples are hormones made by the ante/post pituitary, pancreas, and parathyroid gland

Front 8

Describe a Biogenic amines hormone

Back 8

-a category of hormone chemistry, water soluble except thyroid hormone which is lipid soluble, modified amino acids, examples are catecholamines, and thyroid hormone

Front 9

Lipid soluble hormones need a ... to travel within the blood stream

Back 9

-carrier protein

Front 10

2 Ways to control levels of hormones in the body

Back 10

-hormone synthesis and hormone elimination

Front 11

Target cells exhibit ... and ...

Back 11

specificity (won't bind to another hormone) and saturation (more hormones won't produce greater effect)

Front 12

Enzyme amlification

Back 12

one hormone molecule can trigger the synthesis of many enzymes (cascade effect)

-a very small stimulus can produce a very large effect

Front 13

Up-regulation

Back 13

-cell increases # of hormone receptors to become more sensitive to that hormone

Front 14

Down-regulation

Back 14

-cell reduces receptor population and becomes less sensitive to that hormone

Front 15

Describe a Synergistic effect

Back 15

-a type of hormone interaction, 2 or more hormones work together to produce an effect that is greater than either one alone

Front 16

Describe a Permissive effect

Back 16

-a type of hormone interaction, one hormone gives permission for a second hormone to function

Front 17

Describe a Antagonistic effect

Back 17

-a type of hormone interaction, one hormone opposes the action of another hormone

Front 18

6 Hormones in the Hypothalamus are ... hormones and are subdivided into ... and ... hormones?

Back 18

-regulatory, releasing, inhibiting

Front 19

What two hormones are stored in the posterior pituitary?

Back 19

-oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

Front 20

The Pituitary Gland is located in the ... of the ... bone?

Back 20

-sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

Front 21

They pituitary gland is composed of what 2 structures?

Back 21

-neurohypophysis (neurons, posterior) and adenoypophysis (anterior)

Front 22

Describe the anatomy of the Neurohypophysis

Back 22

-the posterior pituitary, connected to hypothalamus by the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract, neurons

Front 23

Describe the anatomy of the Adenohypophysis

Back 23

-the anterior pituitary, connect to the hypothalamus by the hypothalamo-hypopyseal portal system

Front 24

Describe the anatomy of the Thyroid Gland

Back 24

-largest gland, composed of sacs called follicles, lined with simple cuboidal cells called follicular cells, lumen houses fluid called colloid

-follicular cells secrete thyroid hormone (T3/T4)

-must have iodine

-cells between follicles are called parafollicular cells and they secrete calcitonin

Front 25

Describe the anatomy of the Adrenal Medulla

Back 25

-inner core, red/brown color, highly vascular, releases catechomaines

Front 26

Describe the anatomy of the Adrenal Cortex

Back 26

-thick outer layer, yellowish color, high concentration of cholesterol and lipids, synthesizes corticosteroids

Front 27

Describe the 3 Classes of corticosteroids and examples of each

Back 27

-Mineralocorticoids-electrolyte balance (aldosterone)

-Glucocorticoids-metabolism of glucose, response to stress (cortisol and corticosterone)

-Gonadocorticoids- sex hormones, reproductive functions (estrogen)

Front 28

Describe the anatomy of the pancreas

Back 28

-cluster of pancreatic islets which contain alpha cells and beta cells. Alpha secretes glucagon and beta secretes insulin