A&p 1St Exam (Incomplete)

Front 1

1) What are the characteristics of life?

Back 1

Responsiveness, Respiration, Reproduction, Circulation, Conductivity, Absorption, Digestion, Growth, Secretion, Excretion.

Front 2

2) How are the body structures organized according to different levels?

Back 2

Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, System, Organism.

Front 3

3) Describe the standard anatomical position of the body.

Back 3

Erect body, Face forward, Palms forward, Straight leg, Sole on the ground, Arms both sides.

Front 4

4) What structures are found within the dorsal and ventral body cavities?

Back 4

Dorsal:
1.Cranial 2. Spinal

Ventral:
1. Thoracic Cavity (Mediastinum & L/R Pleural Cavity)
2. Abdominopelvic (Abdominal Cavity & Pelvic Cavity)

Front 5

5) What structure separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity?

Back 5

Diaphragm

Front 6

6) What organ occupies the majority of the mediastinum?

Back 6

Heart

Front 7

7) What are the 9 abdominal regions and their underlying organs?

Back 7

1. Rt. Hypochondriac-Liver,GB,
2. Epigastric – Liver, GB, ST
3. Left Hypochondriac, ST, SP
4. Rt Lumbar- Lg Intestine
5. Umbilical –SM Intestine, L. Intestine
6. Left Lumbar- Lg Intestine
7. Right Iliac (Inguinal)-Appendix
8. Hypogastric-SM Intestine
9. Left Iliac (Inguinal)-

Front 8

8) What are the 4 abdominal quadrants and their underlying organs?

Back 8

1. Right Upper; Liver, GB,ST,
2. Left Upper; SP, ST,Lg Intestine
3. Rt Lower; Lg Intestine, Appendix
4. Left Lower; Lg Intestine

Front 9

9) Define directional terms, sections, and planes.

Back 9

{Frontal , Sagittal, Transverse}, Lateral, Anterior, Posterior, Superior, Inferior, Distal, Proximal}

Front 10

10) Define homeostasis and negative feedback.

Back 10

Homeostasis: Is a term used to describe the relatively constant state maintained by body-internal environment around body cells remains constant.
Negative Feedback:
1. Are Inhibitory
2. Stabilize physiological variables
3. Produce an action that is opposite to the change that activated the system
4. Are responsible for maintaining homeostasis
5. Are much more common than positive feedback

Front 11

11) Describe the mechanism of the regulation of body temperature.

Back 11

Negative Feedback mechanism= When temperature drops, sensory receptor in the skin and blood vessels sense the temperature change, hypothalamus sends signal to body that creates goose bumps to raise body temp by shivering.

Front 12

12) What are the major element s in the human body?

Back 12

HONC
• Hydrogen
• Oxygen
• Nitrogen
• Carbon

Front 13

13) What organic molecules are found in the human body?

Back 13

Carbohydrate; glucose, lactose, sucrose, glycogen, and starch
Lipid: fats, oils, and steroids
Protein: keratin, hemoglobin, antibodies, and enzymes
Nucleic Acids: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Front 14

14) Describe the cellular structures and their functions (including organelles, cytoskeleton, cell extensions, and cell connections).

Back 14

-

Front 15

15) What are the physiological processes of the cells? List at least 4 examples.

Back 15

Growth, Reproduction (cell division), Membrane Transport(osmosis), Cell Metabolism (endocytosis,exocytosis)

Front 16

16) Describe the cell membrane transport (both passive and active transport).

Back 16

Passive transport
No cellular energy (ATP) is required
Movement of substances along the concentration or pressure gradient
Active transport
Cellular energy (ATP) is consumed
Movement of substances against the concentration or pressure gradient

Front 17

17) What does histology study?

Back 17

Study of Tissue.

Front 18

Describe the structures that derive from different primary germ layers.

Back 18

• Mesoderm: Bones, Muscles, Blood
• Ectoderm: Outside Development (spinabifida)
• Endoderm;

Front 19

19) What are the 4 principal types of tissue and their general functions?

Back 19

-

Front 20

20) How are epithelial tissues classified according to cell shapes and arrangements?

Back 20

1. Simple Squamous- Single Layer
2. Simple Cuboital-Used to transport Urine
3. Simple Columnar-
4. Pseudostratified- respiratory tract
5. Stratified Squamous
a. Keratinized-Skin
b. Non Keratinized- Orifices

Front 21

21) What is pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium?

Back 21

• Found in throat; cilia propels fluid
• Appears to be multilayered

Front 22

22) Where is transitional epithelium located?

Back 22

Bladder

Front 23

23) What do connective tissues include? Where do you find them?

Back 23

-

Front 24

24) What is the most commonly seen connective tissue in the body?

Back 24

• Areolar

Front 25

25) What is the structural unit of the bone tissue?

Back 25

• Osteon

Front 26

26) Where are the body membranes located?

Back 26

Epithelial: Cutaneous, Serous, Mucous,
Connective Tissue: Synovial

Front 27

27) What is the largest, thinnest, and heaviest organ in the body?

Back 27

Skin

Front 28

28) What are the 5 layers of the epidermis?

Back 28

1. Corneum
2. Lucidum-Found in Palms & Soles only
3. Granulosum
4. Spinosum
5. Basal

Front 29

29) What skin structures determine the fingerprints?

Back 29

• Dermal Papilla

Front 30

30) What structures are found in the dermis?

Back 30

Papillary Layer (dermal papilla) & Reticular Layer (Thick Dermal Layer

Front 31

31) How is the skin color determined and modified?

Back 31

• Determined by the quantity of Melanin; and melanin is determined by genes; exposure of sunlight and ACTH, amt of oxygen in blood

Front 32

32. What are the main sources of the body heat production and heat loss?

Back 32

• Heat production is from food metabolism; localized to glands & muscles esp liver
• Heat Loss: Sweating through evaporation

Front 33

33. What structures belong to skin appendages?

Back 33

• Hair, nails, skin, glands, sebaceous glands

Front 34

34. Describe the features of the 4 types of bone?

Back 34

Long Bone: Extended Longitudinal Axis/ Extended and uniquely shaped articular ends
Short Bone: Cube or box shaped structure/ as broad as they are long
Flat Bone: Broad & Thin and flattened and curved surface (scapula, Cranium)
Irregular: Clustered in group; various size and shapes (vertebra)

Front 35

35. Describe parts of a typical long bone.

Back 35

• Diaphysis; shaft
• Ephiphysis; heads
• Articular Cartlidge; joint lining (were synovial fluid)
• Periosteum; Outer covering of bone
• Medullary Cavity; inside of bone where marrow is (endosteum)
• Endosteum; lining of medullary

Front 36

36. Define osteon or Haversian System:

Back 36

• Central canal with blood vessels surrounded by concentric lamellae where you see spaces called lucanae (contain osteocytes)

Front 37

37. What are the functions of bone?

Back 37

Support
Protection
Movement
Mineral Storage
Hematopoiesis

Front 38

38. Where are bones developed from?

Back 38

• Epiphysial Plate; Cartilage

Front 39

39. What does the axial skeleton include?

Back 39

Skull, Spine, Ribcage,

Front 40

40. What does the appendicular skeleton include?

Back 40

Consists of 126 Bones
Bones of appendicular skeleton form appendages to axial skeleton; everything besides the previous question

Front 41

41. How many bones are there in axial and appendicular skeleton?

Back 41

Axial: 80 bones
Appendicular: 126

Front 42

42. What are the paired and unpaired cranial bones?

Back 42

Paired: Parietal and Temporal
Unpaired: The rest

Front 43

43. What bones to parietal bones connect?

Back 43

43. What bones to parietal bones connect?
They form a movable joint with occipital, temporal, sphenoid, frontal

Front 44

44. What are the paired and unpaired facial bones?

Back 44

Paired: Nasal, Maxillary, Zygomatic, Lacrimal, Palatine, Inferior Nasal Conchae
Unpaired: Vomer, Mandible

Front 45

45. What facial bones form the hard palate?

Back 45

Palatine Process of Maxilla
Horizontal Plate of Palatine Bone

Front 46

46. What facial bones form the sockets for teeth?

Back 46

Aveloar Process (more specific), Maxilla, Mandible (more general)

Front 47

47. What are the most delicate bones in the body?

Back 47

Malleus (Hammer), Incus (Anvil), Stapes (Stirrups)

Front 48

48. Which bone in the body that does not have articulations with other bones ?

Back 48

Hyoid

Front 49

49. How many vertebrae are there in different spinal segments?

Back 49

Cervical: 7
Thoracic: 12
Lumbar: 5

Front 50

50. What are the normal and abnormal spinal curvatures?

Back 50

Lordosis-Sway back
Kyphosis- Hunchback (called Scheumermans Disease in kids)
Scoliosis- Side Curvature

Front 51

51. Define true ribs, false ribs, floating ribs?

Back 51

True Ribs: Articulate to sternum (1st 7 ribs)
False: do not articulate (8-12)
Floating: Do not articulate to sternum (11 &12)

Front 52

52. What are the shoulder and hip girdles composed of?

Back 52

-

Front 53

53. What bones contribute to the formation of the acetabulum & obturator foramen?

Back 53

Acetabulum: Illium, Ischium, Pubis
Obturator: Ischium & pubis

Front 54

54. How many bones are there in the upper and lower limbs respectively?

Back 54

Upper: 64
Lower: 62

Front 55

55. Between what bones are the shoulder elbow wrist hip knee and ankle joints formed?

Back 55

-

Front 56

56. Name 8 capral bones & 7 tarsal bones?

Back 56

Carpals:
Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrum
Pisaform
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hammate

Tarsals:
Talus
Navicular
Cuneiform (3)
Cuboid
Calcanceous

Front 57

57. Open: Complete break( bone through skin)
Closed: Complete Break (Bone in skin)
Complete Break: Bone breaks in two
Inclomplete Break: Bone break, but not into two
Linear Break: Cracked bone
Transverse: Horizontal Break
Oblique Break: Diagonal
Green Stick: found in children (incomplete fracture)

Back 57

-

Front 58

58. How are joints classified acc to function and structure?

Back 58

• Structure: classified by strength
o Fibrous=tough (found in Sutres in skull; found in ulna/radius, tibia/fibula connections)
o Flexible=cartilaginous
o fluid =Synovial
• Function: classified by movability
o Immovable; synarthroses
o Slightly movable; amphiarthroses
o Freely moveable; diarthroses

Front 59

59. Where are the hinge, ball & socket, & pivot joints located?

Back 59

Hinge: *Knee, Elbow
Pivot: Dans of axis against atlas (C1,C2)
Head of radius against ulna (elbow)
Ball & Socket: Shoulder & Hip

Front 60

60. Describe the different types of body movement?

Back 60

Angular: includes flexion & extension, plantar & dorsiflexion, abduction & adduction,
circular movement: inclusive of rotation and circumduction, supination, & pronation
Gliding movements: Wrist
Special Movements: Opposition & Reposition (humans only)
Inversion/Eversion: Inward/Outward rotation of foot
Protraction/Retraction: Shoulder, Jaw, Tongue
Elevation/Depression: S/A/A (same as above)