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112 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is the blood supply to lungs?
pulmonary trunk-->R and L pulmonary arteries-->carry deoxygenated blood to lungs///aorta-->bronchial arteries-->carry oxygenated blood to lungs
What happens to the diaphragm during inspiration?
diaphragm enlarges toracic cavity(muscle fibers pull central tendon down)
What is boyle's law as it relates to the diaphragm (inspiration)?
intrathoracic pressure decreases --> air rushes into lungs
What are external intercostals responsible for during inspiration?
responsible for about 25% of air that enters lungs in normal quiet breathing
What are the accessory muscles of inspiration?
sternocleidomastoid(large neck muscle)-elevates sternum;scalenes-elevates ribs;pectoralis minor elevates ribs
What is passive expiration?
due to elastic recoil of chest wall and lungs
What type of of intercostals act in labored breathing?
abdominals and internal intercostals
What makes up a respiratory cycle?
inspiration and expiration
What is pneumothorax?
air enters pleural cavity-puncture,can collapse lung
What is atelectasis?
collapsed lung/portion of lung
What is Dalton's Law?
each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure as if all other gases were not present
How do you find partial pressure (equation)?
multiply atmospheric pressure (760 mmHg) X (%)percentage of gas/// P02=760 mmHg X 21%= 160mmHg
How do gases diffuse?
gases diffuse down their own pressure gradients
What is high altitude sickness due to and what are the symptoms?
lower atmosphere O2--> lower O2 in blood causes dizziness,shortness of breath,headache
During external respiration,what is partial pressure of O2 and CO2 inside alveoli?
PO2-105 (which goes to capillary), PCO2-40
During external respiration,what is the partial pressure of O2 and CO2 inside capillaries?
PO2-40, PCO2-45 (which goes to alveoli)
What are the 5 factors that the rate of gas exhange during external respiration depends on?
1. Pressure difference
2.Surface area (decreased in emphysema)
3. Diffusion distance (pulmonary edema-built up of interstitial fluid and built up of fluid in alveoli
-->distance increased)
4.Breathing rate
5. Depth (morphine decreases resp. rate--> decreased airflow)
During internal respiration, what is the partial pressure of O2 and CO2 inside capillaries?
P02-100 (goes to tissues),PCO2-40
During internal respiration,what is the partial pressure O2 and CO2 inside tissues?
PO2-40,PCO@-45 (goes to capillaries)
What does the spirometer measure?
vol. of air exchanged in and rate of breathing
How many ml is tidal vol. and where does it all go?
500 ml; 350 ml reach alveoli, the rest is in anatomice dead space (refers to conduction airways)
How many ml is inspiratory reserve vol. and what is it?
3100 ml (additional inhaled air)
How many ml is expiratory reserve vol. and what is it?
1200 ml (beyond normal exhalation)
How many ml is residual vol. and what is it?
1200 ml (some air always remains in lungs)
What does inspiratory capacity consist of?
tidal vol. + inspire. Reserve
What does functional residual capacity consist of?
expir. Reserve + residual vol.
What does vital capacity consist of and what is vital capacity?
inspire. Reserve + tidal vol. + expir. Reserve; it's the max amound you can exhale after taking the biggest breath possible
What does total lung capacity consist of?
add up all the vol.'s (vital capacity + residual vol.)
How is oxygen transported thur the body?
1.5% dissolved in plasma, 98.5% transported by Hb in RBC's
How does Hb bind to oxygen?
each heme group binds a molecule of oxygen
What makes up a heme group?
globin + 4 iron (containing pigment (heme) groups
What is the chemical equation that shows how Hb binds to oxygen and what is the end product?
Hb + O2 --> HbO2 (oxyhemoglobin)
How does cig. Smoke interact with oxygen transport?
CO (from cig. smoke) binds to heme group
(200 X as strongly as O2 does)-decreases O2 carrying capacity of blood
What is bohr effect?
dissociation curve shift to right
What is the effect of low pH on oxygen transport
H+ bind to a.a. in Hb--> alters its structure-->Hb relaxes O2 to active tissues
What do active tissues also produce?
active tissues also produce lactic acid
How is carbon dioxide transported thru the body?
7% dissolve in plasma, 23% combines w/ globin of Hb, 70% transported in plasma as bicarbonate ions
What is the chemical equation that shows how CO2 binds with Hb and what is the end product?
Hb + CO2 --> HbCO2 (carbaminohemoglobin)
Do CO2 and O2 compete for binding sites?
no
What is the function of the inspiratory area?
sends impulses to diaphragm and external intercostals; autorhythmicity (don't have to think to breath)
What activates expiratory area?
during forceful ventilation,nerve impulses from inspiratory area activate expiratory area
What is the function of the expiratory area?
sends impulses to internal intercostals and abdominal muscles
What do central chemoreceptors respond to and where are they located?
in medulla sensitive to changes in H+ con. or PCO2
Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located and what do they respond to?
in carotid and aortic bodies sensitive to changes in H+ concen., PCO2 or PO2
What do chemoreceptors do if there is an increase in PCO2,increased H+ concen., or decrease in PO2?
chemoreceptors send input to medullary rhythmicity area
--> breath deeper & faster to blow off CO2 and get O2
Where are the pneumotaxic and apneustic area?
pons
What does the pneumotaxic area do?
inhibits insp. area before lungs get too full of air
What does the apneustic area do?
stimulates insp. area, prolonging inspiration
What are the 3 higher brain regions that control respiration?
1.Cerebral Cortex (conscious awareness)
2.Hypothalamus (controls ANS-fight or flight)
3. Limbic System (emotional connection and breathing pattern-when cry breathing changes)
What do proprioceptors stimulate during exercise?
stim. insp. Area
During development of the feuts what respiratory structures does the ectoderm give rise to?
epithelial lining of the larynx,trachea,bronchi and lungs
During development of the fetus,what respiratory stuctures does the mesoderm give rise to?
smooth muscle,cartilage and connective tissues of the bronchial tubes and pleural sacs of the lungs
What is the process of breaking food down into molecules small enough for the body to absorb?
digestion
What is all contained in the digestive system?
alimentary canal and glands that secrete digestive juices into canal through ducts (salivary glands,pancreas,liver and gallbladder)
What is the pathwya of the digestive system?
mouth-->pharynx-->esophagus
-->stomach-->sm. Intestine--> large intestine
In the alimentary canal,what is the inner most layer called?
mucosa
What type of epithelium is in the mucosa and where is the epithelium found in the alimentary canal?
stratified squamous epith. in mouth,pharynx, esophagus and anal canal; simple columnar epith. in stomach and instestine
What type of connective tissue is found in the mucosa layer: lamina propria and where is it found?
areolar connective tissue=b.v.'s, maly (used to attack microbs)
What type of muscle is found in muscularis mucosa in the mucosa of the alimentary canal?
smooth muscle cuases folds in stomach and small intestine(for surface area)
What is contained in the submucosa of the alimentary canal?
contains submucosal plexus (plexus of Meissner)-nerves consist of symp. and parasymp. Fibers and enteric nerves (autonomic and somatic=brain of gut)
What kind of connective tissue is located in the submucosa layer (alimentary canal) and what is its function?
areolar connective tissue: regulates secretions of mucosa and vasoconstriction of b.v's
In the muscularis layer of the alimentary canal,what kind of muscle is located and where?
skeletal muscle:mouth,pharynx,upper esophagus,external anal sphincter,smooth muscle:everywhere else/// inner circular,outer longitudinal muslce (length wise)
What is the function of the muscularis layer of the alimentary canal?
causes peristalsis (waves of contraction that push food along)
What layer of the alimentary canal contains myenteric plexes (plexus of aurbach)?
muscularis;controls muscularis
What is the outermost layer of the alimentary canal?
serosa
Where is serosa located and what is it also called and what is its function?
located below diaphragm (also called peritoneum;outer layer of wall around esophagus(adventitia)-connective tissue;secrets serous fluid
What has 3 large folds supporting organs and containing b.v.'s, lymph vessels and nerves?
peritoneum
In the peritoneum, what binds the s. intestine to post. abdominal wall?
mesentery
In the peritoneum,what bind the l. instestine to post. abdominal wall?
mesocolon
In the peritoneum,what attaches the liver to ant. abdominal wall? (in it is ligamentum teres)
falciform ligament
In the peritoneum,what suspends the stomach, duodenum for the liver?
lesser omentum
In the peritoneum,what extends from greater curvature of stomach over intestines and up to transverse colon?
greater omentum
In the oral cavity, what connects the upper lip to gum?
superior labial frenulum
In the oral cavity, what connects the lower lip to gum?
inferior labial frenulum
In the oral cavity, what is between cheeks/lips and teeth?
vestibule
What is the opening between the oral cavity and the pharynx (throat)?
fauces
What structure of the oral cavity has a crown, neck, and 1-3 roots?
teeth
What are teeth composed of and what is dentin surrounded by?
composed of dentin, which surrounds pulp cavity (contains b.v.'s,nerves, and connective tissue)
What is dentin of crown covered by and what is it made of?
by enamel(calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate which is a barrier to acids=hardest place in the body)
What is dentin of root covered by and what is it made of?
cementum (bone-like material)
What does the root canal contain?
contains b.v.'s,nerves,lymph vessels that lead to pulp cavity (it's a surgical procedure)
How many dentitions do humans have?
2;deciduous (20) and permanent (32)
What is all contained in deciduous teeth?
central and lateral incisors,cuspids (canines) 1st and 2nd molars
How do permanent teeth come in?
1st and 2nd premolars replace molars, 1st,2nd,3rd molars erupt behind those
What is the hard palate?
roof of mouth,palatine bone
What is the soft palate and uvula?
they go up when swallowing,prevents food/liquid from going up into nasal cavity
What are the 3 major salivary glands and what is their function?
1.) Parotid (alond side of ear)
2.)Submandibular (under mandible)
3.)Sublingual (under tongue) produces saliva
What are the 4 components of saliva?
1.salivary amylase
2. mucus
3.buffers
4.antibacterial agents
What is Salivary amylase?
enzyme that hyrolyze starch
--> mainly maltose
What is mucus' function?
lubricates food
What are buffers made out of and what is their function?
bicarbonate and phosphate ions-neutralize acid to prevent cavities
What is a antibacterial agent that is contained in saliva?
Lysozyme
What type of muscle is the tongue made out of?
skeletal muscle
What is another word for swallowing and what is the function of the tongue?
deglutition;tongue shapes food into bolus;tongue pused it to back of pharynx
What do the lingual glands on the tongue produce and what is their function?
lingual lipase (breaks down triglycerides-->fatty acid and monoglycerides)
What is the band of tissue that anchors tongue?
lingual frenulum
What are the 3 major tonsils?
1.)Pharyngeal
2.)Palatine
3.)Lingual
What is the pharynx?
throat
What guards the airway (closes it off)?
epiglottis
What pierces diaphragm thru esopheageal hiatus?
esophagus
What part of the esophagus reg. passage of food into esophagus?
upper esophageal sphincter
What part of the esophagus reg. passage of food into stomach (if it fails to close-->heart burn,acid reflex)?
lower esophageal sphincter
What is the protrusion of lower esophagus, stoamch or intestine up true esophageal hiatus?
Hiatal hernia
What is the folds in mucosa of the stomach that appears when stomach is empty?
rugae
What is the junction that regulates stomach emptying?
pyloric sphincter
What are the 4 parts of the stomach?
1.)Cardia (heart)
2.)Fundus
3.)Body
4.)Pyloris
In the stomach mucosa has gastric pits,into which gastric glands opne,what do the glands contain?
chief cells,parietal cells, mucous cells and G cells
What are Chief cells?
Secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase
What are parietal cells?
secrete HCL (which kill bacteria and denature protein) and intrinsic factor
What are mucous cells?
Secrete mucus and protect stomach
What are G cells?
secrete gastin (hormone--> circulation:target gastric glands-->gastric juice secreted released w/ parasympathetic nervous system
What can cause an ulcer and what is its treament?
Helibacter Pylori;treatment:antibiotics and acid lowering drugs