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112 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the blood supply to lungs?
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pulmonary trunk-->R and L pulmonary arteries-->carry deoxygenated blood to lungs///aorta-->bronchial arteries-->carry oxygenated blood to lungs
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What happens to the diaphragm during inspiration?
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diaphragm enlarges toracic cavity(muscle fibers pull central tendon down)
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What is boyle's law as it relates to the diaphragm (inspiration)?
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intrathoracic pressure decreases --> air rushes into lungs
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What are external intercostals responsible for during inspiration?
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responsible for about 25% of air that enters lungs in normal quiet breathing
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What are the accessory muscles of inspiration?
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sternocleidomastoid(large neck muscle)-elevates sternum;scalenes-elevates ribs;pectoralis minor elevates ribs
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What is passive expiration?
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due to elastic recoil of chest wall and lungs
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What type of of intercostals act in labored breathing?
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abdominals and internal intercostals
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What makes up a respiratory cycle?
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inspiration and expiration
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What is pneumothorax?
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air enters pleural cavity-puncture,can collapse lung
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What is atelectasis?
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collapsed lung/portion of lung
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What is Dalton's Law?
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each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure as if all other gases were not present
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How do you find partial pressure (equation)?
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multiply atmospheric pressure (760 mmHg) X (%)percentage of gas/// P02=760 mmHg X 21%= 160mmHg
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How do gases diffuse?
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gases diffuse down their own pressure gradients
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What is high altitude sickness due to and what are the symptoms?
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lower atmosphere O2--> lower O2 in blood causes dizziness,shortness of breath,headache
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During external respiration,what is partial pressure of O2 and CO2 inside alveoli?
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PO2-105 (which goes to capillary), PCO2-40
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During external respiration,what is the partial pressure of O2 and CO2 inside capillaries?
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PO2-40, PCO2-45 (which goes to alveoli)
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What are the 5 factors that the rate of gas exhange during external respiration depends on?
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1. Pressure difference
2.Surface area (decreased in emphysema) 3. Diffusion distance (pulmonary edema-built up of interstitial fluid and built up of fluid in alveoli -->distance increased) 4.Breathing rate 5. Depth (morphine decreases resp. rate--> decreased airflow) |
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During internal respiration, what is the partial pressure of O2 and CO2 inside capillaries?
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P02-100 (goes to tissues),PCO2-40
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During internal respiration,what is the partial pressure O2 and CO2 inside tissues?
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PO2-40,PCO@-45 (goes to capillaries)
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What does the spirometer measure?
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vol. of air exchanged in and rate of breathing
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How many ml is tidal vol. and where does it all go?
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500 ml; 350 ml reach alveoli, the rest is in anatomice dead space (refers to conduction airways)
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How many ml is inspiratory reserve vol. and what is it?
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3100 ml (additional inhaled air)
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How many ml is expiratory reserve vol. and what is it?
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1200 ml (beyond normal exhalation)
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How many ml is residual vol. and what is it?
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1200 ml (some air always remains in lungs)
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What does inspiratory capacity consist of?
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tidal vol. + inspire. Reserve
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What does functional residual capacity consist of?
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expir. Reserve + residual vol.
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What does vital capacity consist of and what is vital capacity?
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inspire. Reserve + tidal vol. + expir. Reserve; it's the max amound you can exhale after taking the biggest breath possible
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What does total lung capacity consist of?
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add up all the vol.'s (vital capacity + residual vol.)
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How is oxygen transported thur the body?
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1.5% dissolved in plasma, 98.5% transported by Hb in RBC's
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How does Hb bind to oxygen?
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each heme group binds a molecule of oxygen
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What makes up a heme group?
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globin + 4 iron (containing pigment (heme) groups
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What is the chemical equation that shows how Hb binds to oxygen and what is the end product?
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Hb + O2 --> HbO2 (oxyhemoglobin)
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How does cig. Smoke interact with oxygen transport?
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CO (from cig. smoke) binds to heme group
(200 X as strongly as O2 does)-decreases O2 carrying capacity of blood |
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What is bohr effect?
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dissociation curve shift to right
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What is the effect of low pH on oxygen transport
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H+ bind to a.a. in Hb--> alters its structure-->Hb relaxes O2 to active tissues
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What do active tissues also produce?
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active tissues also produce lactic acid
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How is carbon dioxide transported thru the body?
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7% dissolve in plasma, 23% combines w/ globin of Hb, 70% transported in plasma as bicarbonate ions
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What is the chemical equation that shows how CO2 binds with Hb and what is the end product?
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Hb + CO2 --> HbCO2 (carbaminohemoglobin)
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Do CO2 and O2 compete for binding sites?
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no
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What is the function of the inspiratory area?
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sends impulses to diaphragm and external intercostals; autorhythmicity (don't have to think to breath)
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What activates expiratory area?
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during forceful ventilation,nerve impulses from inspiratory area activate expiratory area
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What is the function of the expiratory area?
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sends impulses to internal intercostals and abdominal muscles
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What do central chemoreceptors respond to and where are they located?
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in medulla sensitive to changes in H+ con. or PCO2
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Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located and what do they respond to?
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in carotid and aortic bodies sensitive to changes in H+ concen., PCO2 or PO2
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What do chemoreceptors do if there is an increase in PCO2,increased H+ concen., or decrease in PO2?
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chemoreceptors send input to medullary rhythmicity area
--> breath deeper & faster to blow off CO2 and get O2 |
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Where are the pneumotaxic and apneustic area?
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pons
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What does the pneumotaxic area do?
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inhibits insp. area before lungs get too full of air
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What does the apneustic area do?
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stimulates insp. area, prolonging inspiration
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What are the 3 higher brain regions that control respiration?
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1.Cerebral Cortex (conscious awareness)
2.Hypothalamus (controls ANS-fight or flight) 3. Limbic System (emotional connection and breathing pattern-when cry breathing changes) |
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What do proprioceptors stimulate during exercise?
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stim. insp. Area
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During development of the feuts what respiratory structures does the ectoderm give rise to?
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epithelial lining of the larynx,trachea,bronchi and lungs
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During development of the fetus,what respiratory stuctures does the mesoderm give rise to?
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smooth muscle,cartilage and connective tissues of the bronchial tubes and pleural sacs of the lungs
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What is the process of breaking food down into molecules small enough for the body to absorb?
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digestion
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What is all contained in the digestive system?
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alimentary canal and glands that secrete digestive juices into canal through ducts (salivary glands,pancreas,liver and gallbladder)
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What is the pathwya of the digestive system?
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mouth-->pharynx-->esophagus
-->stomach-->sm. Intestine--> large intestine |
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In the alimentary canal,what is the inner most layer called?
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mucosa
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What type of epithelium is in the mucosa and where is the epithelium found in the alimentary canal?
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stratified squamous epith. in mouth,pharynx, esophagus and anal canal; simple columnar epith. in stomach and instestine
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What type of connective tissue is found in the mucosa layer: lamina propria and where is it found?
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areolar connective tissue=b.v.'s, maly (used to attack microbs)
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What type of muscle is found in muscularis mucosa in the mucosa of the alimentary canal?
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smooth muscle cuases folds in stomach and small intestine(for surface area)
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What is contained in the submucosa of the alimentary canal?
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contains submucosal plexus (plexus of Meissner)-nerves consist of symp. and parasymp. Fibers and enteric nerves (autonomic and somatic=brain of gut)
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What kind of connective tissue is located in the submucosa layer (alimentary canal) and what is its function?
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areolar connective tissue: regulates secretions of mucosa and vasoconstriction of b.v's
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In the muscularis layer of the alimentary canal,what kind of muscle is located and where?
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skeletal muscle:mouth,pharynx,upper esophagus,external anal sphincter,smooth muscle:everywhere else/// inner circular,outer longitudinal muslce (length wise)
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What is the function of the muscularis layer of the alimentary canal?
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causes peristalsis (waves of contraction that push food along)
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What layer of the alimentary canal contains myenteric plexes (plexus of aurbach)?
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muscularis;controls muscularis
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What is the outermost layer of the alimentary canal?
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serosa
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Where is serosa located and what is it also called and what is its function?
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located below diaphragm (also called peritoneum;outer layer of wall around esophagus(adventitia)-connective tissue;secrets serous fluid
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What has 3 large folds supporting organs and containing b.v.'s, lymph vessels and nerves?
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peritoneum
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In the peritoneum, what binds the s. intestine to post. abdominal wall?
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mesentery
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In the peritoneum,what bind the l. instestine to post. abdominal wall?
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mesocolon
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In the peritoneum,what attaches the liver to ant. abdominal wall? (in it is ligamentum teres)
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falciform ligament
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In the peritoneum,what suspends the stomach, duodenum for the liver?
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lesser omentum
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In the peritoneum,what extends from greater curvature of stomach over intestines and up to transverse colon?
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greater omentum
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In the oral cavity, what connects the upper lip to gum?
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superior labial frenulum
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In the oral cavity, what connects the lower lip to gum?
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inferior labial frenulum
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In the oral cavity, what is between cheeks/lips and teeth?
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vestibule
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What is the opening between the oral cavity and the pharynx (throat)?
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fauces
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What structure of the oral cavity has a crown, neck, and 1-3 roots?
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teeth
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What are teeth composed of and what is dentin surrounded by?
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composed of dentin, which surrounds pulp cavity (contains b.v.'s,nerves, and connective tissue)
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What is dentin of crown covered by and what is it made of?
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by enamel(calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate which is a barrier to acids=hardest place in the body)
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What is dentin of root covered by and what is it made of?
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cementum (bone-like material)
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What does the root canal contain?
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contains b.v.'s,nerves,lymph vessels that lead to pulp cavity (it's a surgical procedure)
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How many dentitions do humans have?
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2;deciduous (20) and permanent (32)
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What is all contained in deciduous teeth?
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central and lateral incisors,cuspids (canines) 1st and 2nd molars
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How do permanent teeth come in?
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1st and 2nd premolars replace molars, 1st,2nd,3rd molars erupt behind those
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What is the hard palate?
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roof of mouth,palatine bone
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What is the soft palate and uvula?
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they go up when swallowing,prevents food/liquid from going up into nasal cavity
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What are the 3 major salivary glands and what is their function?
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1.) Parotid (alond side of ear)
2.)Submandibular (under mandible) 3.)Sublingual (under tongue) produces saliva |
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What are the 4 components of saliva?
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1.salivary amylase
2. mucus 3.buffers 4.antibacterial agents |
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What is Salivary amylase?
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enzyme that hyrolyze starch
--> mainly maltose |
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What is mucus' function?
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lubricates food
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What are buffers made out of and what is their function?
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bicarbonate and phosphate ions-neutralize acid to prevent cavities
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What is a antibacterial agent that is contained in saliva?
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Lysozyme
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What type of muscle is the tongue made out of?
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skeletal muscle
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What is another word for swallowing and what is the function of the tongue?
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deglutition;tongue shapes food into bolus;tongue pused it to back of pharynx
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What do the lingual glands on the tongue produce and what is their function?
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lingual lipase (breaks down triglycerides-->fatty acid and monoglycerides)
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What is the band of tissue that anchors tongue?
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lingual frenulum
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What are the 3 major tonsils?
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1.)Pharyngeal
2.)Palatine 3.)Lingual |
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What is the pharynx?
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throat
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What guards the airway (closes it off)?
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epiglottis
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What pierces diaphragm thru esopheageal hiatus?
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esophagus
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What part of the esophagus reg. passage of food into esophagus?
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upper esophageal sphincter
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What part of the esophagus reg. passage of food into stomach (if it fails to close-->heart burn,acid reflex)?
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lower esophageal sphincter
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What is the protrusion of lower esophagus, stoamch or intestine up true esophageal hiatus?
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Hiatal hernia
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What is the folds in mucosa of the stomach that appears when stomach is empty?
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rugae
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What is the junction that regulates stomach emptying?
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pyloric sphincter
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What are the 4 parts of the stomach?
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1.)Cardia (heart)
2.)Fundus 3.)Body 4.)Pyloris |
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In the stomach mucosa has gastric pits,into which gastric glands opne,what do the glands contain?
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chief cells,parietal cells, mucous cells and G cells
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What are Chief cells?
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Secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase
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What are parietal cells?
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secrete HCL (which kill bacteria and denature protein) and intrinsic factor
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What are mucous cells?
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Secrete mucus and protect stomach
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What are G cells?
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secrete gastin (hormone--> circulation:target gastric glands-->gastric juice secreted released w/ parasympathetic nervous system
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What can cause an ulcer and what is its treament?
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Helibacter Pylori;treatment:antibiotics and acid lowering drugs
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