A&p 1: The Chemical Basis Of Life

Front 1

atomic number

Back 1

identifies the element and number of protons

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ionic bonding

Back 2

strong bond. oppositely charged ions. opposites attract. occurs when 2 atoms are unequal in their attraction for valence electrons that more elctronegative atom strips away from its partner( bond formed by 1 atom loses an electron to another). fairly strong bond and found in living system.

Front 3

how many electrons each shell can hold

Back 3

2-8-8

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covalent bonding

Back 4

strongest bond. sharing electrons. occurs when atoms share a pair of valence electrons by 2 atoms.

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single covalent bond

Back 5

a pair of electrons are being shared between 2 atoms. represented by a single line

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double covalent bond

Back 6

4 electrons are being shared between 2 atoms. 2 from each atom. represented by a double line

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elements

Back 7

all living and non living things are composed of ...

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mass

Back 8

represents the amount of matter

Front 9

weight

Back 9

caused by the gravitational force acting on mass.

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neutron

Back 10

subatomic particle has no electric charge

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proton

Back 11

subatomic particle with positive charge

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electron

Back 12

subatomic particle with negative charge

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proton and neutrons

Back 13

subatomic particles found in the nucleus

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isotopes

Back 14

atoms of same element with differing number of neutrons

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ion

Back 15

an atom that lost or gained an electron

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cations

Back 16

positively charged ion

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anions

Back 17

negatively charged ion

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non polar covalent bond

Back 18

formed when electrons are shared equally between atoms, as in an H molecule.

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polar covalent bonds

Back 19

when two atoms do not share electrons equally they form

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molecule

Back 20

created when two or more atoms chemically join together to form an independent unit.

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compound

Back 21

a molecule is composed of more than one type of atoms

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hydrogen bonds

Back 22

weak bond- between hydrogen atoms. results when a positive charged h atom of one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative oxygen of nearby molecules. Functions: thermal regulation, combine with other molecule to transport in blood.

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hydrogen bond

Back 23

results when a positive charged hydrogen atom of one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative oxygen of nearby molecules

Front 24

hydrogen bonds important roles

Back 24

thermal regulation, combines with other molecules to transport in blood

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solubility

Back 25

ability of one substance to dissolve in another

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dissociate

Back 26

dissolving table salt(ionic compound) in water will result in the ions separating from each other in the water. this is an example of....

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cations and anions

Back 27

electrolytes are composed of... in water

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metabolism

Back 28

the sum of all chemical reactions occurring in the organism. can be divided into catabolism and anabolism

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catabolism

Back 29

reactions in which the chemical structures are broken down into smaller structures. collectively decomposition reaction

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anabolism

Back 30

reactions in which there is a combination of 2 or more chemical structures, resulting in a larger structure. collectively synthesis reaction.

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hydrolysis

Back 31

large molecules are broken into smaller molecules by adding a water molecule

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dehydration

Back 32

small molecules are synthesized into large molecules by removing a water molecule

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organic molecules

Back 33

large in size and contain carbon and hydrogen

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inorganic molecules

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small in size and dont contain both carbon and hydrogen. most do not contain any carbon at all. Include water, acids, bases and salts.

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acid

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molecule that when ionizes(comes apart) in water, will yield H+

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basic

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Molecules that when dissociates will yield OH-

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buffer

Back 37

a substance that has the capacity to maintain pH at a specific level.

Front 38

organic molecules

Back 38

5 major compounds containing carbon and hydrogen: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids (including ATP)

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carbohydrates

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compounds made out of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They have structural purposes and also store energy.

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Monosaccharides

Back 40

monomers of more complex carbohydrates. they are simple sugars that are composed of 1 molecule. Primarily made of glucose, can move through the cell membrane and can be used by the cell for energy. Its functions are energy storage and structural support.

Front 41

dissacharides

Back 41

double sugars that are composed of 2 monosaccharides, covalently bonded togethe.

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polysaccharides

Back 42

large structures made up of many monosaccharides bonded together.

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synthesis reaction

Back 43

when 2 or more reactants chemically combine to form a new and larger product.

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decomposition reaction

Back 44

a larger reactant is chemically broke down into 2 or more smaller products. (reverse of synthesis)

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reversible reaction

Back 45

a chemical reaction in which the reaction can proceed from reactants to products or from products to reactants.

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oxidation- reduction reactions

Back 46

chemical reactions that result from the exchange of electrons.

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oxidation

Back 47

loss of an electron by a reactant

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reduction

Back 48

gain of an electron by a reactant

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potential energy

Back 49

stored energy that is not doing work

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kinetic energy

Back 50

energy that is actually working and moving matter

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mechanical energy

Back 51

results from the position or movement of objects

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chemical energy

Back 52

potential energy stored within its chemical bonds

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heat energy

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energy that flows between objects that are at different temperatures

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activation energy

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minimum energy that reactants need to start a chemical reaction

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catalysts

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substances that increase the rate of chemical reactions without being used up in the reaction

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enzymes

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protein catalysts

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reactions

Back 57

increasing temperature speeds up...

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reactions

Back 58

increasing concentration of reactants increases rate of...

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specific heat

Back 59

water requires a relatively large amount of heat to raise its temperature it therefore has...

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water

Back 60

acts as a lubricant by preventing friction, and acts as a cushion by preventing trauma.