A&p 1 (Test 1)

Front 1

what are the 2 major body cavities?

Back 1

dorsal, ventral

Front 2

what are the 2 body cavities within the dorsal body cavity? what organs are found in each?

Back 2

cranial (brain), spinal (spinal cord)

Front 3

what are the 2 body cavities within the ventral body cavity? what organs are found in each?

Back 3

thoracic (heart & lungs)

abdominopelvic (digestive viscera, urinary bladder, reproductive organs, etc.)

Front 4

what is the abdominal cavity divided into?

Back 4

four quadrants: upper right, upper left, lower right, lower left

Front 5

what is contained within the upper right of the abdominal cavity?

Back 5

LIVER, GALLBLADDER, a kidney, and parts of the large and small intestine

Front 6

what is contained within the upper left of the abdominal cavity?

Back 6

STOMACH, PANCREAS, SPLEEN, a kidney, and parts of the large and small intestine

Front 7

what is contained within the lower right of the abdominal cavity?

Back 7

APPENDIX and parts of the large and small intestine

Front 8

what is contained within the lower left of the abdominal cavity?

Back 8

parts of the large and small intestine

Front 9

what is the serous membrane?

Back 9

thin double layer membrane that lines all body cavities

Front 10

what is "parietal serosa"?

Back 10

the outer part of the serous membrane that touches the cavity wall

Front 11

what is the visceral serosa?

Back 11

the inner part of the serous membrane that touches the organs in the cavity

Front 12

what is the pericardium? (pericardial sac)

Back 12

the serous membrane around the heart

Front 13

what is pleural membrane?

Back 13

the serous membrane around the lungs

Front 14

what is the peritoneum?

Back 14

the serous membrane found around organs in the abdominal cavity

Front 15

what is mesentary?

Back 15

long sheets of serous membrane that provide structural support by anchoring organs and supporting nerves and blood vessels.

Front 16

what are the 7 properties of life?

Back 16

1. organization
2. metabolism
3. response to stimuli
4. homeostasis
5. evolutionary adaptation
6. growth and development
7. reproduction

"HOMES GR"

Front 17

how is homeostasis maintained?

Back 17

feedback mechanisms

Front 18

what are the two types of feedback mechanisms that maintain homeostasis?

Back 18

1. positive feedback loop

2. negative feedback

Front 19

what is a positive feedback loop? examples?

Back 19

mechanism that speeds up a reaction (taking the reaction out of homeostatic balance.

very rare- usually in non-ideal circumstances

examples: blood clotting, birthing contractions

Front 20

what is negative feedback?

Back 20

mechanism that slows down or stops a reaction.

most homeostatic levels are controlled by this type of mechanism.

examples: temp. regulation, blood pH, Ca ions in interstitial fluid

Front 21

what are the biological levels of structural organization?

Back 21

chemical level< organelle < cell < tissue < organ < organ system < organism

Front 22

what are "emergent properties" ?

Back 22

in regard to structural hierarchy, increased size results in increased structural complexity and thus increased functional complexity

Front 23

what body systems are most crucial in maintaining homeostasis?

Back 23

nervous and endocrine

Front 24

what are the two main regions of the body and what subregions do they include?

Back 24

axial - head, neck and trunk

appendicular - appendages (limbs)

Front 25

what are the 4 classes of histological tissues?

Back 25

epithelial
muscle
nervous
connective

Front 26

epithelium occurs in the body in what two forms?

Back 26

1) covering & lining epithelium
2) glandular epithelium

Front 27

what are the functions of epithelium?

Back 27

protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion and sensory reception

Front 28

what is the basil lamina made up of?

Back 28

glycoproteins and collagen fibers

Front 29

where is simple squamous epithelium found?

Back 29

air sacs in lungs, kidney glomeruli

Front 30

what are simple epithelia most concerned with?

Back 30

absorption, secretion, and filtration.

Front 31

what are the two main functions of simple columnar epithelium? what specialized features facilitate this?

Back 31

absorption and secretion;

dense microvilli and lubricant secreting cells

Front 32

what are the two types of glandular epithelium?

Back 32

exocrine and endocrine

Front 33

what are exocrine and endocrine glands?

Back 33

exocrine- uses ducts

endocrine- ductless, hormones travel via circulatory system

Front 34

what are the 3 types of exocrine glands?

Back 34

merocrine, holocrine and apocrine

Front 35

what is a holocrine gland?

Back 35

an exocrine gland that ruptures and dies when products are released (sebaceous)

Front 36

what is a merocrine gland?

Back 36

an exocrine gland that performs exocytosis and is not harmed while releasing its products (sweat, salivary)

Front 37

what is an apocrine gland?

Back 37

an exocrine gland that pinches off to deliver products (possibly mammary)

Front 38

what is the function of connective tissue?

Back 38

bind and support, protection, insulation, transportation of substances within the body

Front 39

what are the three main elements of connective tissue? what is ECM/ Matrix?

Back 39

connective tissue is made up of ground substance, fibers and cells;

Matrix is ground substance + fibers

Front 40

what is ground substance in connective tissue?

Back 40

interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins and proteoglycans

Front 41

what three fibers are found in connective tissue matrix?

Back 41

collagen, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers

Front 42

what are the primary blast cell types of the main connective tissues?

Back 42

fibroblast- loose and dense conn. tissue

osteoblast- bone

chondroblast- cartilage

Front 43

what is mesenchyme?

Back 43

embryonic tissue (mesoderm derivitive) that is a precursor for all connective tissues (fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts, hematopoietic stem cells)

Front 44

what are neuroglia?

Back 44

the small dots that appear in nervous tissue

Front 45

what are the 4 membrane junctions?

Back 45

desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, gap junctions, tight junctions

Front 46

what are desmosomes?

Back 46

anchor cells together (the main way cells are held together)

Front 47

what are hemidesmosomes?

Back 47

anchors cell to basement membrane

Front 48

what are gap junctions?

Back 48

cell communication

Front 49

what are tight junctions?

Back 49

creates barrier against harsh environments (stomach acid, etc.)

Front 50

what is the ultimate energy storage molecule?

Back 50

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)