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121 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Levels of Orginization |
Chemical (CHON) Cellular (cell: sm unit of life) Tissue (histology) Organ (2+ different tissues) System (organs work together) |
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Necessary Life Functions |
Boundaries Movement Responsiveness Digestion Metabolism |
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Superior |
Towards head |
Anatomical position |
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Inferior |
Towards feet |
Anatomical position |
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Anterior |
Front |
Anatomical position |
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Posterior |
Back |
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Medial |
Towards midline of the body |
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Lateral |
Towards side |
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Superficial |
Surface |
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Deep |
Away from surface |
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Proximal |
Near the attachment of the body |
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Distal |
Away from attachment |
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Sagittal Plane |
Left and right |
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Transverse Plane |
Top and bottom |
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Front Planes |
Front and back |
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Dehydration Synthesis |
Building reaction Removes H2O |
A+B=AB Metabolism |
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Decomposition (hydrolysis) |
Breaking down Adds H2O |
AB---> A+B Metabolism |
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Exchange |
Make and break bonds |
AB+C--->AC+B |
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Enzymes need 4 things to function |
Temp Salinity Substrate *pH |
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Anabolism |
Dehydration Synthesis Building Requires energy Ex : growth and repair |
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Catabolism |
Decomposition- hydrolysis Breaking down Releases energy Ex : energy from food |
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Buffer do what? |
-resist abrupt and large swings in pH -neutralizes acids and bases -Release H+ if pH is to high -binds H+ if pH is to low |
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Monosaccharides |
Simple sugars (glucose and fructose) Building blocks Dehydration synthesis Can move through membrane |
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Disaccharides |
Sucrose & Maltese 2 monosaccharides Can't move through membrane |
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Polysaccharides |
Glycogen Storage molecule |
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Lipids |
Fats &oils Covalent Non polar No monomers Organic |
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Saturated |
Single bond |
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Unsaturated |
Oil Double bond |
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Head and tail? |
Head- polar, hydrophilic Tail- non polar, hydrophobic |
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The bonds holding amino acids together are called |
Polypeptide bond
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Protein Structure |
1. Primary ⭕-⭕-⭕-⭕ 2. Secondary 3. Tertiary 4. Quaternary |
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A molecule that contains both a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic domain |
Amphipathic |
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Selective permeability |
Not all material moves, only some |
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Simple diffusion |
High to low concentration |
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Osmosis |
Movement of H2O |
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Isotonic solution |
Outside = inside Healthy |
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Hypertonic solution |
Water Inside > outside soo water moves out |
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Hypotonic solution |
Water outside > inside Soo water moves in |
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Crenation |
Shriveling Hypertonic solution |
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Hemolysis |
Edema/swelling |
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T or F: Passive Diffusion requires energy |
F |
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Active Transport requires what? |
Energy |
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Endocytosis |
Pulls into cell 3 types: phago, pino, receptor-mediated |
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Phagocytosis |
Cell eating by PSEUDOPODS |
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Pinocytosis |
Cell drinking by invagination |
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Receptor - mediated endocytosis |
For large quantities |
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Exocytosis |
Exiting |
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Mitochondria |
POWERHOUSE |
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Ribosomes |
Produced in neucleolus Build protein |
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Rough ER |
Has ribosomes on surface |
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Smooth ER |
No ribosomes |
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Golgi |
Modify and package |
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Lysosome / Apoptosis |
Programmed cell death |
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Peroxisomes |
Detox |
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Double Helix structure discovered by? |
Watson & Crick |
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Semiconservative Replication |
1/2 new and 1/2 old |
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Meiosis |
Cell division only in sex cell |
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Mitosis |
Growth and repair |
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Compare DNA & RNA |
DNA - double stand, AT&CG, deoxyribose sugar RNA - single strand, AU&CG, ribose sugar, 3 types |
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Protein synthesis |
Transcription Translation |
2 steps |
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Cap and Poly A tail |
How long the tail is determines how many copies |
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Anatomy |
Study of structure |
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Physiology |
Study of function |
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Palpation |
Feeling organs with hands |
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Ausculation |
Listening to organs with stethoscope |
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Acidosis |
To much acid in blood 7.35-14 |
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Alkalosis |
To much base 0-7.45 |
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4 phases of Mitosis |
Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase |
PMAT |
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Hypertrophy |
Rapid cell growth |
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Atrophy |
Decrease in size |
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DNA neuclotides |
AT CG |
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RNA neuclotides |
UA CG |
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Gross Anatomy |
Study of large bone |
Gross amount = large amount |
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Regional Anatomy |
Relationship between body structures in a specific region Ex : abdomen |
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Cytology |
Study of cells |
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Histology |
Study of tissue |
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Chemical Level |
C.H.O.N |
4 atoms |
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Cellular Level |
Form a CELL |
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CELL is the smallest unit of ______. |
LIFE |
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Tissue Level |
4 classifications of tissues: EPITHELIAL. CONNECTIVE. MUSCLE. NERVOUS. |
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Organ Level |
2 or more different types of tissue perform a function. STOMACH . |
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System Level |
Form an ORGANISM |
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Mediastinum |
Between the lungs Heart is HERE Thoracic cavity |
❤ |
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Abdominal Cavity |
Below DIAPHRAGM and DIGESTIVE ORGANS |
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Pelvic Cavity |
Inferior to abdominal cavity Urinary system and reproductive system |
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Abdominopelvic Cavity |
Both abdominal and pelvic cavities Not physically separated |
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Serous membrane |
Thin sheet of cells that line cavities Do not open to outside of body Produce serous fluid *PARATINEUM (abs) *PARACARDIUM ❤ *LUNGS- on & in-between |
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Paratineum |
Serous membrane/ fluid in abdominal cavity |
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Paracardium |
Serous membrane/ fluid around heart |
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Newton's 1st Law |
Energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be converted |
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Mass vs Weight |
Mass - amount of matter in an object Weight - affected by gravity |
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Molecule |
2 or more atoms held together by CHEMICAL BONDS |
H2O |
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Compound |
When 2 or more different kinds of atoms bind |
Glucose C6 H12 O6 |
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Ionic Bond |
Very Strong Charged atom Cation & Anion |
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Cation |
Positively charged ion |
Ionic bond |
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Anion |
Negatively charged ion |
Ionic Bond |
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COvalent Bonds |
Strong stable SHARED ELECTRONS non polar & polar |
2 are better than 1 |
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Nonpolar Covalent Bonds |
Electrons shared equally Balanced Oil & fats |
NOT messed up |
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Polar Covalent Bond |
Electrons are unequally shared Unbalanced H2O |
Messed up |
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Hydrogen Bonds |
WEAK!!!!!! But very stable in large numbers |
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Organic Molecules |
Carbon & Hydrogen |
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Enzymes do what? |
Lower activation energy |
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Catalyst do what? |
Increase rate of chemical reaction with OUT undergoing any change |
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pH scale |
-the measure of H+ concentration 0 - acidic 7 - neutral 14 - basic |
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Acids |
0 - 6 Gives H+ Wine and lemon juice |
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Bases |
8 - 14 Gives hydroxide Cleaners |
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Carbohydrates are the ___________. |
SACCHARIDES |
Mono Di Poly |
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Shape determines what? |
Function |
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3 types of lipids |
1. Triglycerides - most abundant 2. Phospholipids - most important 3. Steroids - hormones |
Lipids Glycerides Roids |
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Denaturation |
Enzyme loses its shape Ex : can't unboil an egg |
Enzyme shape |
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Sickle Cell Anemia |
Genetic Protein that carries RBC is abnormal Painful!!! |
Genetic protein abnormality |
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Nucleic Acid Monomers |
Nucleotides |
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Fluid Mosaic Model |
Membrane is actually a PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER & flexible |
The cell membrane is a Phosoholipid Bilayer |
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What phase is not apart of Mitosis? |
Interphase |
I passed my anatomy test |
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Mitosis Phases |
Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase |
I passed my anatomy test |
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3 Phases of Interphase |
G1 (1st gap) : everyday function S (synthesis) : DNA replication G2 (2nd gap) : prep for Mitosis |
Weird circle gap |
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Introns |
Are removed |
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Exons |
Expressed |
Ex |
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TranSCRIPTion |
Opens DNA Rewritten with RNA mRna takes stand to cytoplasm |
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TRANSLATion |
DNA - mRNA (codons) - tRNA (anti-codons) : transfer AA to mRNA |
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Telomeres |
Neucleotide caps on ends of chromosomes |
"Protect" chromosomes |
