A&p 1 - Chapter 7 (The Skeleton) - The Axial And Appendicular Skeleton

Front 1

The _________ ______ consists of 26 irregular bones connected in such a way that a flexible, curved structure results.

Back 1

vertebral column

Front 2

The 7 vertebrae of the neck are the ________ _________, the next 12 are the ________ _________, and the last 5 are the ______ _________.

Back 2

cervical vertebrae
thoracic vertebrae
lumbar vertebrae

Front 3

Inferior to the lumbar vertebrae is the ______, which articulates with the hip bones of the pelvis.

Back 3

sacrum

Front 4

The terminus of the vertebral column is the tiny ______.

Back 4

coccyx

Front 5

Each ______________ ____ is a cushionlike pad composed of two parts.

Back 5

intervertebral disk

Front 6

Each vertebrae consists of a ____, or _______, anteriorly and a _________ ____ posteriorly.

Back 6

body
centrum
vertebral arch

Front 7

Together, the body and the vertebral arch enclose an opening called the _________ _______.

Back 7

vertebral foramen

Front 8

Successive vertebral foramen of the articulated vertebrae form the long _________ _____, through which the spinal cord passes.

Back 8

vertebral canal

Front 9

The ________, short bony pillars projecting posteriorly from the vertebral body, form the sides of the arch.

Back 9

pedicles

Front 10

The _______, flattened plates that fuse in the median plane, complete the arch posteriorly.

Back 10

laminae

Front 11

The _______ _______ is a median posterior projection arising at the junction of the two laminae.

Back 11

spinous process

Front 12

A __________ _______ extends laterally from each side of the vertebral arch.

Back 12

transverse process

Front 13

Each transverse process contains a __________ _______ through which the vertebral arteries pass to service the brain.

Back 13

transverse foramen

Front 14

Because its spinous process is palpable through the skin, C7 can be ised as a landmark for counting the vertebrae and is called the ________ _________.

Back 14

vertebra prominens

Front 15

The _____ (C1) has no body and no spinous process.

Back 15

atlas

Front 16

The ____, which has a body and the other typical vertebral processes, is not as specialized as the atlas.

Back 16

axis

Front 17

The axis's only unusual feature is the knoblike ____ projecting superiorly from its body. It is actually the "missing" body of the atlas, which fuses with the axis during embryonic development.

Back 17

dens

Front 18

The vertebral body typically bears two small facets, commonly called __________, on each side, one at the superior edge and the other at the inferior edge. They receive the heads of the ribs.

Back 18

demifacets

Front 19

In its posterior midline the sacral surface is roughened by the ______ ______ _____.

Back 19

median sacral crest

Front 20

The vertebral canal continues inside the sacrum as the ______ _____.

Back 20

sacral canal

Front 21

Since the laminae of the fifth (and sometimes fourth) sacral vertebrae fail to fuse medially, an enlarged external opening called the ______ ______ is obvious at the inferior end of the sacral canal.

Back 21

sacral hiatus

Front 22

The _______ lies in the anterior midline of the thorax.

Back 22

sternum

Front 23

The _________ is the superior portion of the sternum, which is shaped like the knot in a necktie.

Back 23

manubrium

(*think MAN's necktie*)

Front 24

The ____, or midportion, forms the bulk of the sternum.

Back 24

body

Front 25

The _______ _______ forms the inferior end of the sternum.

Back 25

xiphoid process

Front 26

The superior seven rib pairs attach directly to the sternum by individual costal cartilages. These are ____ or vertebrosternal ribs.

Back 26

true

Front 27

The remaining five pairs of ribs are called _____ ____ because they either attach indirectly to the sternum or entirely lack a sternal attachment.

Back 27

false ribs

Front 28

Rib pair 11 and 12 are called vertebral ribs of ________ ____ because they have no anterior attachments.

Back 28

floating ribs

Front 29

the ________ ______, or shoulder girdle, consists of the clavicle anteriorly and the scapula posteriorly.

Back 29

pectoral girdle

Front 30

The _________, or collarbones, are slender, S-shaped bones that can be felt along their entire course as they extend horizontally across the superior thorax.

Back 30

clavicles

Front 31

Each clavicle is cone-shaped at its medial _______ end, which attaches to the sternal manubrium, and flattened at its lateral _________ end, which articulates with the scapula.

Back 31

sternal
acrominal

Front 32

The ________, or shoulder blades, are thin, triangular flat bones.

Back 32

scapulae

Front 33

The thick lateral, or axillary, border abuts the armpit and ends superiorly in a small, shallow fossa, the _______ ______. This cavity articulates with the humerus of the arm, forming the shoulder joint.

Back 33

glenoid cavity

Front 34

The anterior, or costal, surface of the scapula is concave and relatively featureless. Its posterior surface bears a prominent _____ that is easily felt through the skin.

Back 34

Spine

Front 35

The spine ends laterally in an enlarged, roughened triangular projection called the ________.

Back 35

acromion

Front 36

Projecting anteriorly from the superior scapular border is the ________ _______. It looks like a bent finger. It helps anchor the biceps muscle of the arm.

Back 36

coracoid process

Front 37

The _______, the sole bone of the arm, is a typical long bone.

Back 37

humerus

Front 38

At the proximal end of the humerus is its smooth, hemispherical ____, which fits into the glenoid cavity of the scapula in a manner that allows the arm to hang freely at one's side.

Back 38

head

Front 39

Immediately inferior to the head is a slight constriction, the __________ ____.

Back 39

anatomical neck

Front 40

Just inferior to the anatomical neck are the lateral ________ ________ and the more medial _______ ________, separated by the ________________ ______, or bicipital groove.

Back 40

greater tubercle
lesser tubercle
intertubercular sulcus

Front 41

Just distal to the tubercles is the ________ ____, so named because it is the most frequently fractured part of the humerus.

Back 41

surgical neck

Front 42

About midway down the shaft on its lateral side is the V-shaped _______ __________, the roughened attachment site for the deltoid muscle of the shoulder.

Back 42

deltoid tuberosity

Front 43

At the distal end of the humerus are two condyles: a medial ________, which looks like an hourglass tipped on its side, and the lateral ball-like _________.

Back 43

trochlea
capitulum

Front 44

The condyle pair is flanked by the ______ and _______ ___________.

Back 44

medial
lateral epicondyles

Front 45

Superior to the trochlea on the anterior surface is the ________ _____; on the posterior surface is the deeper __________ _____.

Back 45

coronoid fossa
olecranon fossa

Front 46

The ____ is slightly longer than the radius. It forms the elbow joint with the humerus.

Back 46

ulna

Front 47

The ulna bears two prominent processes, the _________ (elbow) and the _________ _______, separated by a deep concavity, the trochlear notch.

Back 47

olecranon
coronoid process

Front 48

On the lateral side of the coronoid process is a small depression, the ______ _____, where the ulna articulates with the head of the radius.

Back 48

radial notch

Front 49

Distally the ulnar shaft narrows and ends in a noblike ____.

Back 49

head

Front 50

Medial to the head is the _____ _______ _______, from which a ligament runs to the wrist.

Back 50

ulnar styloid process

Front 51

The ______ is thin at its proximal end and wide distally - the opposite of the ulna.

Back 51

radius

Front 52

The ____ of the radius is shaped somewhat like the head of a nail.

Back 52

head

Front 53

Distally, where the radius is expanded, it has a medial ulnar notch, which articulates with the ulna, and a lateral ______ _______ _______.

Back 53

radial styloid process

Front 54

The carpus consists of eight marble-sized short bones, or _______, closely united by ligaments.

Back 54

carpals

Front 55

List the carpals from proximal lateral to distal medial.

Back 55

scaphoid
lunate
triquetrum
pisiform
trapezium
trapezoid
capitate
hamate
(Sally Left The Party To Take Cindy Home)

Front 56

Five ___________ radiate from the wrist like spokes to form the metacarpus or palm of the hand. They are numbered, not named, 1-5 from the pollex to the pinky.

Back 56

metacarpals

Front 57

The fingers, or ______ of the upper limb, are numbered 1-5 beginning with the pollex.

Back 57

digits

Front 58

Except for the pollex, each digit has three phalanges:

Back 58

distal
middle
proximal

Front 59

The ______ ______, or hip girdle attaches the lower limbs to the axial skeleton, transmits the full weight of the upper body to the lower limbs, and supports the visceral organs of the pelvis.

Back 59

pelvic girdle

Front 60

The pelvic girdle is formed by the sacrum and a pair of hip bones, each also called an oscoxae, or _____ ____.

Back 60

coxal bone

Front 61

The _____ is a large flaring bone that forms the superior region of a coxal bone.

Back 61

ilium

Front 62

When you rest your hands on your hips, you are resting them on the thickened superior margins of the alae, the _____ ______, to which many muscles attach.

Back 62

iliac crests

Front 63

Each iliac crest ends anteriorly in the blunt ________ ________ _____ _____ and posteriorly in the sharp posterior superior iliac spine.

Back 63

anterior superior iliac spine

Front 64

Just inferior to the posterior inferior iliac spine, the ilium indents deeply to form the _______ _______ _____, through which the thick cordlike sciatic nerve passes to enter the thigh.

Back 64

greater sciatic notch

Front 65

Posterior to the iliac fossa, the roughened auricular surface articulates with the same-named surface of the sacrum, forming the __________ _____.

Back 65

sacroiliac joint

Front 66

The _______ forms the posterioinferior part of the hip bone.

Back 66

ischium

Front 67

The _______ _____ projects medially into the pelvic cavity and serves as a point of attachment of the sacrospinous ligament running from the sacrum.

Back 67

ischial spine

Front 68

The inferior surface of the ischial body is rough and grossly thickened as the _______ __________.

Back 68

ischial tuberosity

Front 69

The _____, or pubic bone, forms the anterior portion of the hip bone.

Back 69

pubis

Front 70

As the two rami of the pubis run laterally to join with the body and ramus of the ischium, they define a large opening in the hip bone, the _________ _______, through which a few blood vessels and nerves pass.

Back 70

obturator foramen

Front 71

The bodies of the two pubic bones are joined by a fibrocartilage disc, forming the midline _____ _________ joint.

Back 71

pubic symphasis

Front 72

The _____, the single bone of the thigh, is the largest, longest, strongest bone in the body.

Back 72

femur

Front 73

The ball-like ____ of the femur has a small central pit called the fovea capitis.

Back 73

head

Front 74

The head is carried on a ____ that angles laterally to join the shaft.

Back 74

neck

Front 75

At the junction of the shaft and neck are the lateral _______ __________ and posteromedial ______ __________. These projections serve as the sites of attachment for thigh and buttock muscles.

Back 75

greater trochanter
lesser trochanter

Front 76

Inferior to the intertrochanteric crest on the posterior shaft is the _______ __________, which blends into a long vertical ridge, the linea aspera, inferiorly.

Back 76

gluteal tuberosity

Front 77

Distally, the femur broadens and ends in the wheel-like _______ and ______ ________, which articulate with the tibia of the leg.

Back 77

lateral
medial condyles

Front 78

The smooth ________ _______, between the condyles on the anterior femoral surface, articulates with the patella.

Back 78

patellar surface

Front 79

The _______ is a triangular sesamoid bone enclosed in the (quadriceps) tendon that secures the anterior thigh muscles to the tibia.

Back 79

patella

Front 80

The _____ receives the weight of the body from the femur and transmits it to the foot.

Back 80

tibia

Front 81

At its bread proximal end are the concave ______ and _______ ________, which look like two huge checkers lying side by side.

Back 81

medial
lateral condyles

Front 82

Just inferior to the condyles, the tibia's anterior surface displays the rough ______ __________, to which the patellar ligament attaches.

Back 82

tibial tuberosity

Front 83

Medial to the tibia-talus joint surface is an inferior projection, the ______ _________, which forms the medial bulge of the ankle.

Back 83

medial malleolus

Front 84

The ______ is a sticklike bone with slightly expanded ends. It articulates proximally and distally with the lateral aspects of the tibia.

Back 84

fibula

Front 85

The fibula's proximal end is its head; its distal end is the _______ _________.

Back 85

lateral malleolus

Front 86

The tarsus is made up of seven bones called _______ that form the posterior half of the foot.

Back 86

tarsals

Front 87

Body weight is carried primarily by the two largest, most posterior tarsals: the _____, which articulates with the tibia and the fibula superiorly, and the strong _________, which forms the heel of the foot and carries the talus on its superior surface.

Back 87

talus
calcaneus

Front 88

The remaining tarsals are the lateral ______, the medial _________, and the anterior ______, ____________, and ________ ___________ bones.

Back 88

cuboid
navicular
medial
intermediate
lateral cuneiform

Front 89

The metatarsus consists of 5 small, long bones called ___________. These are numbered 1-5 beginning on the medial side of the foot.

Back 89

metatarsals