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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
ANATOMY |
The study of the structure of the body, their forms and organization. |
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PHYSIOLOGY |
The study of the function of the body parts, what they do and how they do it. |
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GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF A HUMAN STRUCTURE WITH ITS CORRESPONDING FUNCTIONS |
The anatomy of the hand, which is the arrangement of bones, muscles and long jointed fingers allows it to grasp objects. |
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LIST IN ORDER THE LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION AND AN EXAMPLE OF EACH. |
1. Subatomic particles - Electrons, Protons, Neutrons 2. Atom - Hydrogen, Lithium 3. Molecule - Water or glucose molecule 4. Macromolecule - Protein or DNA molecule 5. Organelle - Mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus 6. Cell - Muscle or nerve cell 7. Tissue - Simple squamous epithelium, loose connective tissue 8. Organ - Skin, femur, heart, kidney 9. Organ System - Human 10. Organism - Human |
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SUBATOMIC PARTICLE |
Level of Structural Organization: 1 Definition: Smaller particles than an atom. Example: Electrons, protons or neutrons. The next level, the atom, is achieved when subatomic particles join together.
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MOLECULE |
Level of Structural Organization: 3 Definition: Atoms join together to form molecules. Example: Water or glucose molecule. The next level, macromolecules, are formed when molecules join together. |
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MACROMOLECULE |
Level of Structural Organization: 4 Definition: Formed when molecules join together. Example: Protein, DNA macromolecule The macromolecules form together in large groups to form an organelle. |
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ORGANELLE |
Level of Structural Organization: 5 Definition: Contained in cells, they carry on specific activities and are composed of assemblies of large molecules including proteins, carbs, lipids and nucleic acids. Example: Mitochondrion, Gogi apparatus, nucleus. The next level, a cell, is comprised of organelles. |
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CELL |
Level of Structural Organization: 6 Definition: The basic unit of structure and function. Example: Muscle cell and nerve cell. Specialized cells assemble into layers or masses that have specific functions, tissue. |
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TISSUE |
Level of Structural Organization: 7 Definition: A group of specialized cells that assemble into layers or masses that have specific functions. Example: Simple squamous epithelium, loose connective tissue. Groups of different tissues form organs. |
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ORGAN |
Level of Structural Organization: 8 Definition: A complex structure with specialized functions. Example: Skin, femur, heart, kidney Groups of organs that function closely together make up organ systems. |
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ORGAN SYSTEM |
Level of Structural Organization: 9 Definition: Groups of organs that function closely together. Example: Integumentary, skeletal, digestive. Interacting organ systems make up an organism, the human. |
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ORGANISM |
Level of Structural Organization: 10 Definition: Interacting organisms make up an organism. Example: Human
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ATOM |
Level of Structural Organization: 2 Definition: Particles in a chemical. Example: Hydrogen atom, lithium atom. Atoms join to form molecules. |
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ANATOMICAL POSITION |
Standing erect, facing forward, arms at sides, palms forward. |
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5 ENVIRONMENTAL NEEDS FOR LIFE |
1. Water. 2. Food. 3. Heat. 4. Oxygen. 5. Pressure. |
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ANATOMICAL IMPORTANCE OF THE DIAPHRAGM |
The diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity. |
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CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE |
1. Responsiveness. 2. Reproduction. 3. Respiration. 4. Digestion. 5. Absorption. 6. Assimilation. 7. Excretion. 8. Movement. 9. Circulation. 10. Growth. |
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HOMEOSTASIS |
The tendency of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment. |
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3 HOMEOSTATIC MECHANISMS |
1. Receptor: Senses change in the environment. 2. Control Center: Regulates set-point. 3. Effector: Organ that acts in response to changes.
Example: Maintenance of body temperature at 98.6F/37C |
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RELATIVE POSITION (LIST 7) |
1. Superior = above; Inferior = below. 2. Anterior = front; Posterior = back. 3. Ventral = front; Dorsal =back. 4. Medial = center; Lateral = side. 5. Ipsilateral = same side; Contralateral = other side. 6. Proximal = closer to trunk; Distal = farther from trunk. 7. Superficial = surface; Deep = internal. |
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SUPERIOR |
Above |
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INFERIOR |
Below |
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ANTERIOR |
Front |
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POSTERIOR |
Back |
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VENTRAL |
Front |
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DORSAL |
Back |
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MEDIAL |
Center |
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LATERAL |
Side |
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IPSILATERAL |
Same side |
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CONTRALATERAL |
Opposite side |
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PROXIMAL |
Closer to the trunk |
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DISTAL |
Farther from the trunk |
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SUPERFICIAL |
Surface |
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DEEP |
Internal |
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SAGITTAL CUT |
Divides the body into right and left portions. |
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MIDSAGITTAL (MEDIAN) |
Equal right and left portions. |
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TRANSVERSE CUT (HORIZONTAL) |
Divides the body into superior and inferior portions. |
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CORONAL CUT (FRONTAL) |
Divides the body into anterior and superior portions. |
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11 ORGAN SYSTEMS |
1. Integumentary 2. Skeletal. 3. Muscular. 4. Nervous. 5. Endocrine. 6. Cardiovascular. 9. Respiratory. 7. Lymphatic. 10. Urinary 8. Digestive. 11. Reproductive.
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ORGANS OF INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM |
Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands. |
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ORGANS OF SKELETAL SYSTEM |
Bones, ligaments, cartilages. |
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ORGANS OF MUSCULAR SYSTEM |
Muscles |
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ORGANS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM |
Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs |
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ORGANS OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEM |
Glands that secrete hormones (pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal gland and thymus). |
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ORGANS OF CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM |
Heart, arteries, capillaries, veins. |
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ORGANS OF LYMPHATIC SYSTEM |
Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen. |
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ORGANS OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM |
Mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small and large intestines. |
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ORGANS OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM |
Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs |
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ORGANS OF URINARY SYSTEM |
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra. |
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ORGANS OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM |
Male: Scrotum, testes, epididymides, ductus deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, urethra, penis.
Female: Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, vulva. |
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THE CELL MEMBRANE CONTAINS |
1. Double layer of phospholipids. 2. Cholesterol. 3. Channel proteins. |
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THE NUCLEUS CONTAINS |
1. Nucleolus. 2. DNA. |
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THE CYTOPLASM OF A CELL CONTAINS |
1. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum. 2. Rough endoplasmic reticulum. 3. Golgi apparatus. 4. Lysosomes. 5. Centrioles. |
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ATP PRODUCTION OCCURS WHERE? |
In the mitochondrion. |
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MITOCHONDRION |
Powerhouse of a cell. Produces ATP. |
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GOLGI APPARATUS |
xx |
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SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM |
xx |
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ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM |
xx |
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SECRETORY VESICLE OR LYSOSOMES |
xx |
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CENTRIOLES |
xx |
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NUCLEOLUS |
xx |
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NUCLEAR ENVELOPE |
xx |
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RIBOSOMES |
xx |
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PLASMA (CELL) MEMBRANE |
xx |
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NUCLEUS |
xx |
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SOMATIC CELLS DIVIDE BY THE 4-STAGE PROCESS OF _____, WHICH PRODUCES 2 DAUGHTER CELLS FROM AN ORIGINAL CELL. THE NEW CELLS ARE GENETICALLY IDENTICAL, EACH WITH A FULL COMPLEMENT OF 46 CHROMOSOMES. |
Mitosis |
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ENDOCYTOSIS |
A type of transport mechanism in which molecules or particles are conveyed by a vesicle into the cell. |
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Which prefix means "above"? |
Hyper- |
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4 STAGES OF MITOSIS |
1. Anaphase. 2. Metaphase. 3. Prophase. 4. Telophase. |
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IONS USE A PROCESS CALLED _____ TO MOVE DOWN THEIR CONCENTRATION GRADIENT ACROSS THE PLASMA MEMBRANE. |
Facilitated Diffusion. (Since ions are charged, they need a protein channel). |
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The relationship of osmotic pressure and the number of solute particles in a solution is the: |
greater the number of solute particles, the greater the osmotic pressure. |
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WHICH EVENTS OCCUR DURING PROPHASE? |
1. The nucleolus and nucleus disappear. 2. Chromatin coils up into chromosomes, spindle fibers form. |
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COMPONENTS OF THE CELL MEMBRANE |
1. Phospholipids. 2. Proteins. 3. Cholesterol. 4. Carbohydrates. |
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WHAT TYPE OF PASSIVE TRANSPORT IS THE EXCHANGE OF OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE BETWEEN THE AIR IN THE LUNGS AND THE BLOOD. |
Simple diffusion. |
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WHERE IS THE NUCLEOLUS FOUND AND WHAT DOES IT PRODUCE? |
Nucleus and it produces ribosomes. |
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IN WHICH PHASE DO THE CENTROMERES SEPARATE AND THE CHROMATIDS MOVE IN OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS. THE SPINDLE FIBERS SHORTEN AND PULL THEIR ATTACHED CHROMOSOMES TOWARD CENTRIOLES AT OPPOSITE SIDES OF THE CELL. |
Anaphase. |
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DNA REPLICATION OCCURS IN WHAT PHASE OF INTERPHASE? |
The S phase. |
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WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE IN CONCENTRATION BETWEEN 2 REGIONS CALLED? |
Concentration gradient. |
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LIST 3 CHARACTERISTICS OF VESICLES |
1. Membranous sacs. 2. Contain substances produced by other organelles. 3. Contain substances that have just entered the cell. |
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WHAT STAGE OF MITOSIS OCCURS WHEN THE CHROMOSOMES UNCOIL TO BECOME CHROMATIN AND THE NUCLEAR ENVELOPE REFORMS? |
Telophase. |
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WHAT ARE GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A CELL MEMBRANE? |
1. It facilitates signal transduction. 2. It is selectively permeable. 3. It functions as a boundary for a cell. 4. It enables communication and interaction. 5. It carries out important metabolic reactions. |
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WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF GLYCOPROTEIN? |
It identifies the cell as being "self" or foreign. |