A&p 1, Ch 16

Front 1

What is the major stimulus for release of parathyroid hormone

Back 1

Humoral

Front 2

What does the anterior pituitary secrete

Back 2

1. Growth hormone

2. Gonadotropins

3. TSH

Front 3

Which hormones are involved in glucose metabolism

Back 3

1. Glucagon

2. Cortisone

3. Insulin

Front 4

Which hormone demineralized bone and raises blood calcium levels

Back 4

Parathyroid hormone

Front 5

Aldosterone

Back 5

1. Cause the kidneys to conserve water and or salt

2. Causes reabsorption of sodium ions by the kidneys

3. Steroid hormone

Front 6

Antidiuretic hormone

Back 6

1. Cause the kidneys to conserve water and or salt

2. Secreted by the posterior pituitary

Front 7

Growth hormone

Back 7

Important anabolic hormone, many of its effects mediated by IGFs

Front 8

Luteinizing hormone

Back 8

Tropic hormone that stimulates the gonads to secrete sex hormones

Front 9

Oxytocin

Back 9

1. Increases uterine contractions during birth

2. Secreted by the posterior pituitary

Front 10

Prolactin

Back 10

Stimulates milk production

Front 11

T4 and T3

Back 11

Major metabolic hormone of the body

Front 12

TSH

Back 12

Tropic hormone that stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormone

Front 13

What type of reaction would a hypodermic injection of epinephrine cause

Back 13

Increased heart rate, increase blood pressure, dilate the bronchi, and decrease peristalsis

Front 14

Testosterone is to the male as which hormone is to the female

Back 14

Estrogen

Front 15

What would be the result of anterior pituitary secretion deficiency in a growing child

Back 15

Dwarfism with fairly normal body proportions

Front 16

Who is adequate carbohydrate intake secretion of insulin results in

Back 16

1. Lower blood glucose levels

2. Increased cell utilization of glucose

3. Storage of glycogen

Front 17

Hormones are carried to all parts of the body in blood

Back 17

True

Front 18

Ways in which hormones Act

Back 18

1. Increasing the synthesis of enzymes

2. Converting an inactive enzyme into an active enzyme

3. Affecting only specific Target organs

Front 19

Absence of thyroid hormone would result in

Back 19

Depression of the CNS and lethargy

Front 20

Where are medullary chromaffin cells found

Back 20

Adrenal gland

Front 21

Atrial natriuretic peptide secreted by the heart has exactly the opposite function of this hormone secreted by the Zona glomerulosa

Back 21

Aldosterone

Front 22

The endocrine system is one of the body's two major Control Systems along with the nervous system

Back 22

True

Front 23

Hormonal e regulated processes include:

Back 23

1. Reproduction

2. Growth and development

3. Maintaining electrolyte, water, and nutrient balance

4. Regulating cellular metabolism and energy balance

5. Mobilizing body defenses

Front 24

Endocrine organs are ductless, well vascularized glands that release hormones directly into the blood or lymph. they are small and widely separated in the body

Back 24

True

Front 25

Which organs are purely endocrine organs

Back 25

1. Pituitary

2. Thyroid

3. Parathyroid

4. Adrenal

5. Pineal

The pancreas, gonads, and placenta also have endocrine tissue

Front 26

The hypothalamus is a neuroendocrine organ

Back 26

True

Front 27

The chemical structure of a hormone determines how it acts

Back 27

Most hormones are steroid or amino acid-based. Steroids are lipid soluble. All Amino acid-based hormones are water soluble, except for thyroid hormone

Front 28

Hormones alter cell activity by stimulating or inhibiting characteristic cellular processes of their target cells

Back 28

True

Front 29

What three types of stimuli cause hormone release

Back 29

1. Humoral

2. Neural

3. Hormonal

Cause hormone release by activating endocrine organs to release their hormones. Negative feedback is important in regulating hormone levels in the blood

Front 30

Cells respond to hormone if they have a receptor for that hormone

Back 30

The ability of a Target cell to respond to a hormone depends on the presence of receptors, on its plasma membrane or within the cell, to which the hormone can bind

Front 31

What two hypothalamic hormones are released by the posterior pituitary

Back 31

1. Oxytocin

2. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Front 32

What 6 hormones are released by the anterior pituitary hormones

Back 32

1. Growth hormone (GH): an anabolic hormone that stimulates growth of all body tissues but especially skeletal muscle and bone

2. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH): promotes normal development and activity of the thyroid gland

3. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids

4. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): stimulates sex cell production

5. Luteinizing hormone (LH): stimulates gonadil hormone production

6. Prolactin (PRL): promotes milk production in humans

Front 33

Thyroid gland controls metabolism

Back 33

1. Located in the anterior neck

2. Thyroid hormone (TH) includes thyroxine T4 and triiodothyronine T3 , which increase the rate of cellular metabolism

3. Most T4 is converted to T3 the more active form in the Target tissues

4. Graves disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism

Front 34

The parathyroid glands are primary Regulators of blood calcium levels

Back 34

1. Located on the dorsal aspect of the thyroid gland, secrete pth comma which increases blood calcium levels

2. It targets bone, the kidneys, and the small intestine . pth is the key hormone for calcium homeostasis

Front 35

The adrenal glands produce hormones involved in electrolyte balance and the stress response

Back 35

The paired adrenal glands sit atop the kidneys. Each adrenal gland has two functional portions, the cortex and the medulla

Front 36

The adrenal cortex produces three groups of steroid hormones from cholesterol

Back 36

1. Mineralocorticoids ( primarily aldosterone): regulates sodium ion reabsorption and potassium ion excretion by the kidneys

2. Glucocorticoids ( primarily cortisol): important metabolic hormones that help the body resist stressors by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid and amino acid levels, and blood pressure

3. Gonadocorticoids ( mainly androgens): produced in small amounts throughout life

* hypoactivity of the adrenal cortex results in Addison's disease

** hypersecretion can result in aldosteronism, Cushing syndrome, and adrenal genital syndrome

Front 37

The Adrenal medulla produces catecholamines, epinephrine and norepinephrine, in response to sympathetic nervous system stimulation

Back 37

1. Catecholamines enhance and prolong the fight or flight response to short-term stressors

2. Hypersecretion leads to symptoms typical of sympathetic nervous system overactivity

Front 38

The pineal gland secretes melatonin

Back 38

1. Located in the diencephalon

2. Primary hormone is melatonin, which influences daily rhythms and may have an anti gonadotropic effect in humans

Front 39

Pancreas

Back 39

1. Located in the abdomen close to the stomach is both an exocrine and endocrine gland

2. The endocrine portion releases insulin and glucagon and smaller amounts of other hormones to the blood

3. Glucagon released by alpha cells (a) when blood levels of glucose are well, stimulates the liver to release glucose to the blood

4. Insulin is released by beta cells (b) when blood levels of glucose and amino acids are rising. It increases the rate of glucose uptake and metabolism by most body cells . hyposecretion or hypoactivity of insulin results in diabetes mellitus. Cardinal signs are polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia

Front 40

Gonads and placenta

Back 40

1. Ovaries of the female, located in the pelvic cavity, releases two main hormones, estrogen (FSH) and progesterone (LH)

2. Testes of the male begin to produce testosterone at puberty in response to LH

3. Placenta produces hormones of pregnancy, estrogen, progesterone, and others